---
title: “A new land,” said he, “spreads itself out before our delighted eyes… — Legends of the conquest of Spain · tree and pragmatics
description: “A new land,” said he, “spreads itself out before our delighted eyes, and invites our conquest: a land, too, that equals Syria in the fertility of its soil, and the serenity of its sky; Yemen, or Arabia the Happy, in its delightful temperature; India, in its flowers and spices; Hegias, in its fruits
---

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# Legends of the conquest of Spain, Letter of Muza to the Caliph.—second Expedition of Taric El Tuerto., sentence 2

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“A new land,” said he, “spreads itself out before our delighted eyes, and invites our conquest: a land, too, that equals Syria in the fertility of its soil, and the serenity of its sky; Yemen, or Arabia the Happy, in its delightful temperature; India, in its flowers and spices; Hegias, in its fruits and flowers; Cathay, in its precious minerals; and Aden, in the excellence of its ports and harbours!

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**Who acts:** new land, that, spoil · **What happens:** say, spread out, invite, equal, soil · **To what, where:** serenity, flowers, spoil, delighted eyes, conquest, Syria · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is a sentence of «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington Irving, Letter of Muza to the Caliph.—second Expedition of Taric El Tuerto.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (new land, that, spoil), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg77685:11:2
# text = “A new land,” said he, “spreads itself out before our delighted eyes, and invites our conquest: a land, too, that equals Syria in the fertility of its soil, and the serenity of its sky; Yemen, or Arabia the Happy, in its delightful temperature; India, in its flowers and spices; Hegias, in its fruits and flowers; Cathay, in its precious minerals; and Aden, in the excellence of its ports and harbours!
1	“	"	PUNCT	``	_	7	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
3	new	new	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	land	land	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	4	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	”	"	PUNCT	''	_	4	punct	_	_
7	said	say	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
8	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	7	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
10	“	"	PUNCT	``	_	11	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	spreads	spread	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	ccomp	_	_
12	itself	itself	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs|Reflex=Yes	11	obj	_	_
13	out	out	ADP	RP	_	11	compound:prt	_	_
14	before	before	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
15	our	our	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	17	nmod:poss	_	_
16	delighted	delighted	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	17	amod	_	_
17	eyes	eye	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	20	punct	_	_
19	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	20	cc	_	_
20	invites	invite	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	11	parataxis	_	_
21	our	our	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	22	nmod:poss	_	_
22	conquest	conquest	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	20	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	25	punct	_	_
24	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	25	det	_	_
25	land	land	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	20	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
26	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	25	punct	_	_
27	too	too	ADV	RB	_	20	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
28	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	30	punct	_	_
29	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	30	nsubj	_	_
30	equals	equal	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	20	conj	_	_
31	Syria	Syria	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	30	obj	_	_
32	in	in	ADP	IN	_	34	case	_	_
33	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	34	det	_	_
34	fertility	fertility	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	30	obl	_	_
35	of	of	ADP	IN	_	37	case	_	_
36	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	37	nmod:poss	_	_
37	soil	soil	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	34	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
38	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	41	punct	_	_
39	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	41	cc	_	_
40	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	41	det	_	_
41	serenity	serenity	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	_
42	of	of	ADP	IN	_	44	case	_	_
43	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	44	nmod:poss	_	_
44	sky	sky	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	41	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
45	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	46	punct	_	_
46	Yemen	Yemen	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	7	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
47	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	49	punct	_	_
48	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	49	cc	_	_
49	Arabia	Arabia	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	46	conj	_	_
50	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	51	det	_	_
51	Happy	Happy	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	49	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
52	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	56	punct	_	_
53	in	in	ADP	IN	_	56	case	_	_
54	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	56	nmod:poss	_	_
55	delightful	delightful	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	56	amod	_	_
56	temperature	temperature	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	46	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
57	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	58	punct	_	_
58	India	India	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
59	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	62	punct	_	_
60	in	in	ADP	IN	_	62	case	_	_
61	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	62	nmod:poss	_	_
62	flowers	flower	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	obl	_	_
63	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	64	cc	_	_
64	spices	spice	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	62	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
65	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	66	punct	_	_
66	Hegias	Hegias	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	62	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
67	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	70	punct	_	_
68	in	in	ADP	IN	_	70	case	_	_
69	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	70	nmod:poss	_	_
70	fruits	fruit	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	66	parataxis	_	_
71	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	72	cc	_	_
72	flowers	flower	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	70	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
73	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	74	punct	_	_
74	Cathay	Cathay	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	7	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
75	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	79	punct	_	_
76	in	in	ADP	IN	_	79	case	_	_
77	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	79	nmod:poss	_	_
78	precious	precious	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	79	amod	_	_
79	minerals	mineral	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	74	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
80	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	82	punct	_	_
81	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	82	cc	_	_
82	Aden	Aden	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	7	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
83	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	86	punct	_	_
84	in	in	ADP	IN	_	86	case	_	_
85	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	86	det	_	_
86	excellence	excellence	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	82	appos	_	_
87	of	of	ADP	IN	_	89	case	_	_
88	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	89	nmod:poss	_	_
89	ports	port	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	86	nmod	_	_
90	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	91	cc	_	_
91	harbours	harbour	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	89	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
92	!	!	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **say** *speech: express* | past | a new land | the serenity of spoil's sky |  | spoil's flowers and spices and Hegias in spoil's fruits and flowers |  | India *obl*; land *nsubj*; Yemen or Arabia and spoil's delightful temperature *ccomp*; Cathay and spoil's precious minerals *parataxis*; Aden *parataxis* | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **spread out** *in a quote* | present |  | spoil |  | our delighted eyes |  |  | vn spray-9.7-1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent itself=Theme before eye=Destination |
| 3 | **invite** *in a quote* | present |  | our conquest |  |  |  | a land *obl* | vn urge-58.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent conquest=Recipient |
| 4 | **equal** *in a quote* | present | that | Syria |  | the fertility of spoil's soil |  |  | tree rules |
| 5 | **soil** *in a quote* |  | spoil |  |  |  |  |  | nom soil «state transitive»: poss=agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington Irving, Project Gutenberg book 77685 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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