--- title: The Arabs, too, from their lofty cliffs beheld the numerous camp-fir… — Legends of the conquest of Spain · tree and pragmatics description: The Arabs, too, from their lofty cliffs beheld the numerous camp-fires of the Christians gradually lighted up, and saw that they were a powerful host; at the same time the night breeze brought to their ears the sullen roar of the sea which separated them from Africa. Who acts: Arabs, cliffs, night b --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg77685/12/29/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [tales](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/) / [Legends of the conquest of Spain](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg77685/) / [Chapter XI.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg77685/12/) / 29 # Legends of the conquest of Spain, Chapter XI., sentence 29 The Arabs, too, from their lofty cliffs beheld the numerous camp-fires of the Christians gradually lighted up, and saw that they were a powerful host; at the same time the night breeze brought to their ears the sullen roar of the sea which separated them from Africa. **Who acts:** Arabs, cliffs, night breeze, sullen roar, sea · **What happens:** behold, light up, see, be, bring, separate · **To what, where:** numerous camp fires, Christians, powerful host, sullen roar, ears, Arabs · **Speech:** someone speaks here This is a sentence of «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington Irving, Chapter XI.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Arabs, cliffs, night breeze, sullen roar), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. **Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = book:pg77685:12:29 # text = The Arabs, too, from their lofty cliffs beheld the numerous camp-fires of the Christians gradually lighted up, and saw that they were a powerful host; at the same time the night breeze brought to their ears the sullen roar of the sea which separated them from Africa. 1 The the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 2 det _ _ 2 Arabs Arab PROPN NNPS Number=Plur 10 nsubj _ SpaceAfter=No 3 , , PUNCT , _ 2 punct _ _ 4 too too ADV RB _ 2 advmod _ SpaceAfter=No 5 , , PUNCT , _ 9 punct _ _ 6 from from ADP IN _ 9 case _ _ 7 their their PRON PRP$ Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs 9 nmod:poss _ _ 8 lofty lofty ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 9 amod _ _ 9 cliffs cliff NOUN NNS Number=Plur 10 nsubj _ _ 10 beheld behold VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ _ 11 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 15 det _ _ 12 numerous numerous ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 15 amod _ _ 13 camp camp NOUN NN Number=Sing 15 compound _ SpaceAfter=No 14 - - PUNCT HYPH _ 13 punct _ SpaceAfter=No 15 fires fire NOUN NNS Number=Plur 10 obj _ _ 16 of of ADP IN _ 18 case _ _ 17 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 18 det _ _ 18 Christians Christian PROPN NNPS Number=Plur 15 conj _ _ 19 gradually gradually ADV RB _ 20 advmod _ _ 20 lighted light VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 18 acl _ _ 21 up up ADP RP _ 20 compound:prt _ SpaceAfter=No 22 , , PUNCT , _ 24 punct _ _ 23 and and CCONJ CC _ 24 cc _ _ 24 saw see VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 10 conj _ _ 25 that that SCONJ IN _ 30 mark _ _ 26 they they PRON PRP Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 30 nsubj _ _ 27 were be AUX VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 30 cop _ _ 28 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 30 det _ _ 29 powerful powerful ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 30 amod _ _ 30 host host NOUN NN Number=Sing 24 ccomp _ SpaceAfter=No 31 ; ; PUNCT : _ 39 punct _ _ 32 at at ADP IN _ 35 case _ _ 33 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 35 det _ _ 34 same same ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 35 amod _ _ 35 time time NOUN NN Number=Sing 39 obl _ _ 36 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 38 det _ _ 37 night night NOUN NN Number=Sing 38 compound _ _ 38 breeze breeze NOUN NN Number=Sing 39 nsubj _ _ 39 brought bring VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 10 conj _ _ 40 to to ADP IN _ 42 case _ _ 41 their their PRON PRP$ Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs 42 nmod:poss _ _ 42 ears ear NOUN NNS Number=Plur 39 obl _ _ 43 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 45 det _ _ 44 sullen sullen ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 45 amod _ _ 45 roar roar NOUN NN Number=Sing 39 obj _ _ 46 of of ADP IN _ 48 case _ _ 47 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 48 det _ _ 48 sea sea NOUN NN Number=Sing 45 nmod _ _ 49 which which PRON WDT PronType=Rel 50 nsubj _ _ 50 separated separate VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 45 acl:relcl _ _ 51 them they PRON PRP Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 50 obj _ _ 52 from from ADP IN _ 53 case _ _ 53 Africa Africa PROPN NNP Number=Sing 50 obl _ SpaceAfter=No 54 . . PUNCT . _ 10 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **behold** | past | the Arabs | the numerous camp fires and the Christians | | | | Arabs's lofty cliffs *nsubj* | vn sight-30.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer fire=Stimulus | | 2 | **light up** | participle | | the Christians *not said here* | | | | gradually *property* | vn preparing-26.3-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent | | 3 | **see** | past | the Arabs *not said here* | | | | | | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer | | 4 | **is a** | past | cliffs *= cliff* | a powerful host | | | | | tree rules | | 5 | **bring** | past | the night breeze | the sullen roar of the sea | | Arabs's ears | time | | vn bring-11.3-1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent roar=Theme to ear=Destination | | 6 | **separate** | past | the sullen roar of the sea | Arabs *= arab* | | | | from Africa | vn separate-23.1-1-1 «NP V NP PP.co-patient»: agent=Agent they=Patient from africa=Co-Patient | | 7 | **roar** | | the sea | | | | | | nom roar «event intransitive»: of=agent | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Text:** «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington Irving, Project Gutenberg book 77685 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order. - ← previous: [sentence 28](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg77685/12/28/) - next →: [sentence 30](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg77685/12/30/) - ↑ back to [Chapter XI.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg77685/12/)