---
title: As the armies drew nigh to each other, however, it was discovered th… — Legends of the conquest of Spain · tree and pragmatics
description: As the armies drew nigh to each other, however, it was discovered that the advance of the Arabs was composed of infantry. Who acts: armies, Arabs. A sentence of «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington Irving, Battle of Calpe.—fate of Ataulpho., with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of
---

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# Legends of the conquest of Spain, Battle of Calpe.—fate of Ataulpho., sentence 16

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As the armies drew nigh to each other, however, it was discovered that the advance of the Arabs was composed of infantry.

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**Who acts:** armies, Arabs · **What happens:** draw, discover, compose, advance · **To what, where:** each, army, advance

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This is a sentence of «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington Irving, Battle of Calpe.—fate of Ataulpho.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (armies, Arabs), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg77685:13:16
# text = As the armies drew nigh to each other, however, it was discovered that the advance of the Arabs was composed of infantry.
1	As	as	SCONJ	IN	_	4	mark	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	armies	army	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
4	drew	draw	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	nigh	nigh	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	_
6	to	to	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	each	each	DET	DT	ExtPos=PRON|PronType=Rcp	4	obl	_	_
8	other	other	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	fixed	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
10	however	however	ADV	RB	_	14	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
12	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	14	nsubj:pass	_	_
13	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	14	aux:pass	_	_
14	discovered	discover	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	4	conj	_	_
15	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	22	mark	_	_
16	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	17	det	_	_
17	advance	advance	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	22	nsubj:pass	_	_
18	of	of	ADP	IN	_	20	case	_	_
19	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	20	det	_	_
20	Arabs	Arab	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	17	nmod	_	_
21	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	22	aux:pass	_	_
22	composed	compose	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	14	advcl	_	_
23	of	of	ADP	IN	_	24	case	_	_
24	infantry	infantry	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	22	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
25	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **draw** | past | the armies |  |  | each |  | nigh *property* | vn carry-11.4 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent to each=Destination |
| 2 | **discover** | past · passive |  | army |  |  |  | however *property* | vn discover-84-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Topic |
| 3 | **compose** | past · passive |  | the advance of the Arabs |  |  |  | of infantry | vn create-26.4-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Result |
| 4 | **advance** |  | the Arabs |  |  |  |  |  | nom advance «event intransitive»: of=agent |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington Irving, Project Gutenberg book 77685 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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