---
title: “Never should we sheath our swords,” said he, “while these infidels… — Legends of the conquest of Spain · tree and pragmatics
description: “Never should we sheath our swords,” said he, “while these infidels have a footing in the land. Who acts: we, sheath, infidels. A sentence of «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington Irving, Battle of Calpe.—fate of Ataulpho., with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Legends of the conquest of Spain, Battle of Calpe.—fate of Ataulpho., sentence 3

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“Never should we sheath our swords,” said he, “while these infidels have a footing in the land.

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**Who acts:** we, sheath, infidels · **What happens:** not sheath, say, have · **To what, where:** swords, footing, land · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is a sentence of «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington Irving, Battle of Calpe.—fate of Ataulpho.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (we, sheath, infidels), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg77685:13:3
# text = “Never should we sheath our swords,” said he, “while these infidels have a footing in the land.
1	“	"	PUNCT	``	_	10	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Never	never	ADV	RB	PronType=Neg	5	advmod	_	_
3	should	should	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	5	aux	_	_
4	we	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	5	nsubj	_	_
5	sheath	sheath	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nsubj	_	_
6	our	our	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	7	nmod:poss	_	_
7	swords	sword	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	”	"	PUNCT	''	_	5	punct	_	_
10	said	say	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
11	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	10	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
13	“	"	PUNCT	``	_	10	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	while	while	SCONJ	IN	_	17	mark	_	_
15	these	this	DET	DT	Number=Plur|PronType=Dem	16	det	_	_
16	infidels	infidel	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	17	nsubj	_	_
17	have	have	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	13	advcl	_	_
18	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	19	det	_	_
19	footing	footing	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	obj	_	_
20	in	in	ADP	IN	_	22	case	_	_
21	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	22	det	_	_
22	land	land	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	10	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **sheath** *in a quote* | should | we | our swords |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **say** *speech: assert* | past | sheath |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **have** *in a quote* | present | this infidels | a footing |  | the land |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent footing=Patient |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington Irving, Project Gutenberg book 77685 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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