---
title: The gaunt Arab chieftain stood upon a rock as his troops marched by;… — Legends of the conquest of Spain · tree and pragmatics
description: The gaunt Arab chieftain stood upon a rock as his troops marched by; his buckler was at his back, and he brandished in his hand a double-pointed spear. Who acts: gaunt Arab chieftain, buckler, chieftain. A sentence of «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington Irving, Battle of Calpe.—fate of 
---

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# Legends of the conquest of Spain, Battle of Calpe.—fate of Ataulpho., sentence 8

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The gaunt Arab chieftain stood upon a rock as his troops marched by; his buckler was at his back, and he brandished in his hand a double-pointed spear.

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**Who acts:** gaunt Arab chieftain, buckler, chieftain · **What happens:** stand, march, be, brandish, point · **To what, where:** rock, troops, back, pointed spear, hand

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This is a sentence of «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington Irving, Battle of Calpe.—fate of Ataulpho.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (gaunt Arab chieftain, buckler, chieftain), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg77685:13:8
# text = The gaunt Arab chieftain stood upon a rock as his troops marched by; his buckler was at his back, and he brandished in his hand a double-pointed spear.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
2	gaunt	gaunt	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
3	Arab	Arab	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	chieftain	chieftain	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
5	stood	stand	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	upon	upon	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	rock	rock	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	_
9	as	as	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	11	nmod:poss	_	_
11	troops	troops	NOUN	NNS	Number=Ptan	5	obl	_	_
12	marched	march	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	11	acl	_	_
13	by	by	ADP	IN	_	12	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	;	;	PUNCT	,	_	20	punct	_	_
15	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	16	nmod:poss	_	_
16	buckler	buckler	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	20	nsubj	_	_
17	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	20	cop	_	_
18	at	at	ADP	IN	_	20	case	_	_
19	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	20	nmod:poss	_	_
20	back	back	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	24	punct	_	_
22	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	24	cc	_	_
23	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	24	nsubj	_	_
24	brandished	brandish	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	parataxis	_	_
25	in	in	ADP	IN	_	27	case	_	_
26	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	27	nmod:poss	_	_
27	hand	hand	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	24	obl	_	_
28	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	32	det	_	_
29	double	double	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	31	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
30	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	29	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
31	pointed	point	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	32	amod	_	_
32	spear	spear	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	24	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
33	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **stand** | past | the gaunt Arab chieftain |  |  | a rock |  | as chieftain's troops | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent upon rock=Location |
| 2 | **march** | participle |  | chieftain's troops *not said here* |  |  |  |  | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 3 | **is** | past | chieftain's buckler |  |  | chieftain's back |  | chieftain *nmod:poss* | tree rules |
| 4 | **brandish** | past | chieftain | a pointed spear |  | chieftain's hand |  |  | tree rules |
| 5 | **point** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn wink-40.3.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington Irving, Project Gutenberg book 77685 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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