---
title: The infidels, they said, were strengthening themselves in the land;… — Legends of the conquest of Spain · tree and pragmatics
description: The infidels, they said, were strengthening themselves in the land; host after host were pouring in from Africa: the sea coast of Andalusia glittered with spears and scimitars. Who acts: infidels, host, sea coast. A sentence of «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington Irving, Terror of the C
---

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# Legends of the conquest of Spain, Terror of the Country.—roderick Rouses Himself to Arms., sentence 15

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The infidels, they said, were strengthening themselves in the land; host after host were pouring in from Africa: the sea coast of Andalusia glittered with spears and scimitars.

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**Who acts:** infidels, host, sea coast · **What happens:** say, strengthen, pour in, glitter · **To what, where:** infidels, land, Africa · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is a sentence of «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington Irving, Terror of the Country.—roderick Rouses Himself to Arms.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (infidels, host, sea coast), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg77685:14:15
# text = The infidels, they said, were strengthening themselves in the land; host after host were pouring in from Africa: the sea coast of Andalusia glittered with spears and scimitars.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	infidels	infidel	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	2	punct	_	_
4	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	5	nsubj	_	_
5	said	say	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
7	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	8	aux	_	_
8	strengthening	strengthen	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	5	advcl	_	_
9	themselves	themselves	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs|Reflex=Yes	8	obj	_	_
10	in	in	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
11	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	land	land	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	18	punct	_	_
14	host	host	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	nsubj	_	_
15	after	after	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
16	host	host	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	nmod	_	_
17	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	18	aux	_	_
18	pouring	pour	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	5	advcl	_	_
19	in	in	ADV	RB	_	18	advmod	_	_
20	from	from	ADP	IN	_	21	case	_	_
21	Africa	Africa	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	18	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	28	punct	_	_
23	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	25	det	_	_
24	sea	sea	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	25	compound	_	_
25	coast	coast	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	28	nsubj	_	_
26	of	of	ADP	IN	_	27	case	_	_
27	Andalusia	Andalusia	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	25	nmod	_	_
28	glittered	glitter	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	conj	_	_
29	with	with	ADP	IN	_	30	case	_	_
30	spears	spear	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	28	obl	_	_
31	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	32	cc	_	_
32	scimitars	scimitar	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	30	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
33	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **say** *speech: assert* | past | the infidels |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **strengthen** | past · progressive | the infidels *not said here* | infidels *= infidel* |  | the land |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent themselves=Patient |
| 3 | **pour in** | past · progressive | host after host |  |  | Africa |  |  | vn substance\_emission-43.4-1 «NP.theme V PP.source»: agent=Theme from africa=Source |
| 4 | **glitter** | past | the sea coast of Andalusia |  |  |  |  | with spears and scimitars | vn light\_emission-43.1 «NP.location V PP.theme»: agent=Location with spear=Theme |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington Irving, Project Gutenberg book 77685 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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