---
title: Several of the most ancient and experienced cavaliers, beholding the… — Legends of the conquest of Spain · tree and pragmatics
description: Several of the most ancient and experienced cavaliers, beholding the state of the army, advised Don Roderick to await the arrival of more regular troops, which were stationed in Iberia, Cantabria, and Gallia Gothica; but this counsel was strenuously opposed by the Bishop Oppas; who urged the king to
---

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# Legends of the conquest of Spain, Terror of the Country.—roderick Rouses Himself to Arms., sentence 31

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Several of the most ancient and experienced cavaliers, beholding the state of the army, advised Don Roderick to await the arrival of more regular troops, which were stationed in Iberia, Cantabria, and Gallia Gothica; but this counsel was strenuously opposed by the Bishop Oppas; who urged the king to march immediately against the infidels.

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**Who acts:** Bishop, regular troops · **What happens:** behold, advise, await, station, oppose, urge · **To what, where:** state, Don, arrival, regular troops, Iberia, counsel

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This is a sentence of «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington Irving, Terror of the Country.—roderick Rouses Himself to Arms.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Bishop, regular troops), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg77685:14:31
# text = Several of the most ancient and experienced cavaliers, beholding the state of the army, advised Don Roderick to await the arrival of more regular troops, which were stationed in Iberia, Cantabria, and Gallia Gothica; but this counsel was strenuously opposed by the Bishop Oppas; who urged the king to march immediately against the infidels.
1	Several	several	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
2	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
4	most	most	ADV	RBS	Degree=Sup	5	advmod	_	_
5	ancient	ancient	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
6	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
7	experienced	experienced	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	conj	_	_
8	cavaliers	cavalier	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
10	beholding	behold	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	1	conj	_	_
11	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	state	state	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obj	_	_
13	of	of	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
14	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
15	army	army	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	17	punct	_	_
17	advised	advise	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	10	parataxis	_	_
18	Don	Don	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	17	obj	_	_
19	Roderick	Roderick	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	18	flat	_	_
20	to	to	PART	TO	_	21	mark	_	_
21	await	await	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	17	advcl	_	_
22	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	23	det	_	_
23	arrival	arrival	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	21	obj	_	_
24	of	of	ADP	IN	_	27	case	_	_
25	more	more	ADV	RBR	Degree=Cmp	26	advmod	_	_
26	regular	regular	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	27	amod	_	_
27	troops	troops	NOUN	NNS	Number=Ptan	23	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
28	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	31	punct	_	_
29	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	31	nsubj:pass	_	_
30	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	31	aux:pass	_	_
31	stationed	station	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	27	acl:relcl	_	_
32	in	in	ADP	IN	_	33	case	_	_
33	Iberia	Iberia	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	31	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
34	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	35	punct	_	_
35	Cantabria	Cantabria	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	33	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
36	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	39	punct	_	_
37	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	39	cc	_	_
38	Gallia	Gallia	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	39	compound	_	_
39	Gothica	Gothica	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	33	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
40	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	46	punct	_	_
41	but	but	CCONJ	CC	_	46	cc	_	_
42	this	this	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	43	det	_	_
43	counsel	counsel	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	46	nsubj:pass	_	_
44	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	46	aux:pass	_	_
45	strenuously	strenuously	ADV	RB	_	46	advmod	_	_
46	opposed	oppose	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	1	conj	_	_
47	by	by	ADP	IN	_	49	case	_	_
48	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	49	det	_	_
49	Bishop	Bishop	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	46	obl	_	_
50	Oppas	Oppas	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	49	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
51	;	;	PUNCT	,	_	53	punct	_	_
52	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	53	nsubj	_	_
53	urged	urge	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	49	acl:relcl	_	_
54	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	55	det	_	_
55	king	king	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	53	obj	_	_
56	to	to	PART	TO	_	57	mark	_	_
57	march	march	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	53	xcomp	_	_
58	immediately	immediately	ADV	RB	_	57	advmod	_	_
59	against	against	ADP	IN	_	61	case	_	_
60	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	61	det	_	_
61	infidels	infidel	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	57	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
62	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **behold** | gerund |  | the state of the army |  |  |  |  | vn sight-30.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer state=Stimulus |
| 2 | **advise** *speech: other* | participle |  |  | Don |  |  |  | vn advise-37.9-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent don=Recipient |
| 3 | **await** | to-infinitive |  | the arrival of regular troops |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 4 | **station** | past · passive |  | regular troops |  | Iberia and Cantabria and Gallia Gothica |  |  | vn put-9.1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: subject=Theme in iberia=Destination |
| 5 | **oppose** | past · passive | the Bishop | this counsel |  |  |  | strenuously *property* | vn amalgamate-22.2-3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent subject=Patient |
| 6 | **urge** | past | the Bishop | the king |  |  |  |  | vn urge-58.1-1-1 «NP V NP S\_ING»: agent=Agent king=Recipient clause=Topic |
| 7 | **march** *not said to happen* | to-infinitive | the Bishop *not said here* |  |  | the infidels |  | immediately *property* | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme against infidel=Trajectory |
| 9 | **arrive** |  | regular troops |  |  |  |  |  | nom arrival «act intransitive»: of=agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington Irving, Project Gutenberg book 77685 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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