---
title: Holding up his withered hand, “Woe, woe to Spain!” exclaimed he, “fo… — Legends of the conquest of Spain · tree and pragmatics
description: Holding up his withered hand, “Woe, woe to Spain!” exclaimed he, “for the vial of the wrath of heaven is about to be poured out. Who acts: Woe. A sentence of «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington Irving, Chapter XIV., with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Legends of the conquest of Spain, Chapter XIV., sentence 14

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Holding up his withered hand, “Woe, woe to Spain!” exclaimed he, “for the vial of the wrath of heaven is about to be poured out.

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**Who acts:** Woe · **What happens:** hold up, wither, exclaim, be, pour out · **To what, where:** withered hand, camp · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is a sentence of «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington Irving, Chapter XIV.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Woe), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg77685:15:14
# text = Holding up his withered hand, “Woe, woe to Spain!” exclaimed he, “for the vial of the wrath of heaven is about to be poured out.
1	Holding	hold	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	15	csubj	_	_
2	up	up	ADP	RP	_	1	compound:prt	_	_
3	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	5	nmod:poss	_	_
4	withered	wither	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	5	amod	_	_
5	hand	hand	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
7	“	"	PUNCT	``	_	8	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	Woe	woe	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
10	woe	woe	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	appos	_	_
11	to	to	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
12	Spain	Spain	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	10	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	!	!	PUNCT	.	_	12	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	”	"	PUNCT	''	_	10	punct	_	_
15	exclaimed	exclaim	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
16	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	15	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	28	punct	_	_
18	“	"	PUNCT	``	_	28	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	for	for	ADP	IN	_	21	case	_	_
20	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	21	det	_	_
21	vial	vial	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	28	obl	_	_
22	of	of	ADP	IN	_	24	case	_	_
23	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	24	det	_	_
24	wrath	wrath	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	21	nmod	_	_
25	of	of	ADP	IN	_	26	case	_	_
26	heaven	heaven	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	24	nmod	_	_
27	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	28	cop	_	_
28	about	about	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	15	advcl	_	_
29	to	to	PART	TO	_	31	mark	_	_
30	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	31	aux:pass	_	_
31	poured	pour	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	28	xcomp	_	_
32	out	out	ADP	RP	_	31	compound:prt	_	SpaceAfter=No
33	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	15	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **hold up** | gerund |  | camp's withered hand |  |  |  |  | vn support-15.3-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Pivot hand=Theme |
| 2 | **wither** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn entity\_specific\_cos-45.5 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |
| 3 | **exclaim** *speech: express* | past | Woe | camp |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1 «NP V NP.topic»: agent=Agent he=Topic |
| 4 | **is** *in a quote* | present | Woe *not said here* |  |  |  |  | for the vial of the wrath of heaven; about *property* | tree rules |
| 5 | **pour out** *in a quote* | to-infinitive · passive | Woe *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn substance\_emission-43.4-1 «NP V» |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington Irving, Project Gutenberg book 77685 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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- ↑ back to [Chapter XIV.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg77685/15/)