---
title: All this is said to have been devised by the perfidious Bishop Oppas… — Legends of the conquest of Spain · tree and pragmatics
description: All this is said to have been devised by the perfidious Bishop Oppas, who had secret communications with the enemy, while he influenced the councils of the king; and who trusted that by this skirmishing warfare the power of the Christian troops would be cut off, and the rest disheartened. Who acts: 
---

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# Legends of the conquest of Spain, Skirmishing of the Armies.—pelistes and His Son.—pelistes and the Bishop., sentence 10

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All this is said to have been devised by the perfidious Bishop Oppas, who had secret communications with the enemy, while he influenced the councils of the king; and who trusted that by this skirmishing warfare the power of the Christian troops would be cut off, and the rest disheartened.

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**Who acts:** perfidious Bishop, body, skirmishing warfare · **What happens:** say, devise, have, influence, trust, cut off · **To what, where:** this, secret communications, councils, power, rest · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is a sentence of «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington Irving, Skirmishing of the Armies.—pelistes and His Son.—pelistes and the Bishop.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (perfidious Bishop, body, skirmishing warfare), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg77685:16:10
# text = All this is said to have been devised by the perfidious Bishop Oppas, who had secret communications with the enemy, while he influenced the councils of the king; and who trusted that by this skirmishing warfare the power of the Christian troops would be cut off, and the rest disheartened.
1	All	all	DET	PDT	PronType=Tot	4	det:predet	_	_
2	this	this	PRON	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	4	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux:pass	_	_
4	said	say	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
5	to	to	PART	TO	_	8	mark	_	_
6	have	have	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	8	aux	_	_
7	been	be	AUX	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	8	aux:pass	_	_
8	devised	devise	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	4	ccomp	_	_
9	by	by	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
11	perfidious	perfidious	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	amod	_	_
12	Bishop	Bishop	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	8	obl	_	_
13	Oppas	Oppas	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	12	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	16	punct	_	_
15	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	16	nsubj	_	_
16	had	have	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	12	acl:relcl	_	_
17	secret	secret	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	18	amod	_	_
18	communications	communication	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	16	obj	_	_
19	with	with	ADP	IN	_	21	case	_	_
20	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	21	det	_	_
21	enemy	enemy	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	25	punct	_	_
23	while	while	SCONJ	IN	_	25	mark	_	_
24	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	25	nsubj	_	_
25	influenced	influence	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	8	conj	_	_
26	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	27	det	_	_
27	councils	council	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	25	obj	_	_
28	of	of	ADP	IN	_	30	case	_	_
29	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	30	det	_	_
30	king	king	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	27	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
31	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	34	punct	_	_
32	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	34	cc	_	_
33	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	34	nsubj	_	_
34	trusted	trust	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	parataxis	_	_
35	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	48	mark	_	_
36	by	by	ADP	IN	_	39	case	_	_
37	this	this	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	39	det	_	_
38	skirmishing	skirmishing	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	39	compound	_	_
39	warfare	warfare	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	48	obl	_	_
40	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	41	det	_	_
41	power	power	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	48	nsubj:pass	_	_
42	of	of	ADP	IN	_	45	case	_	_
43	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	45	det	_	_
44	Christian	Christian	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	45	amod	_	_
45	troops	troops	NOUN	NNS	Number=Ptan	41	nmod	_	_
46	would	would	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	48	aux	_	_
47	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	48	aux:pass	_	_
48	cut	cut	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	34	advcl	_	_
49	off	off	ADP	RP	_	48	compound:prt	_	SpaceAfter=No
50	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	54	punct	_	_
51	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	54	cc	_	_
52	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	53	det	_	_
53	rest	rest	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	54	nsubj:pass	_	_
54	disheartened	dishearten	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	34	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
55	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **say** *speech: assert* | present · passive |  | this |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **devise** | to-infinitive · perfect · passive | the perfidious Bishop |  |  |  |  |  | vn establish-55.5-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **have** | past | the perfidious Bishop | secret communications |  |  |  | with the enemy | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent communication=Patient |
| 4 | **influence** | past | body | the councils of the king |  |  |  |  | vn compel-59.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent council=Patient |
| 5 | **trust** | past |  |  |  |  |  | who *nsubj* | vn conjecture-29.5-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent |
| 6 | **cut off** | would · passive | this skirmishing warfare | the power of the Christian troops |  |  |  |  | vn stop-55.4-1 «NP V NP.eventuality»: agent=Affector subject=Eventuality |
| 7 | **dishearten** | participle · passive |  | the rest |  |  |  |  | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: subject=Experiencer |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington Irving, Project Gutenberg book 77685 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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