---
title: He led his black steed by the bridle to present less mark for observ… — Legends of the conquest of Spain · tree and pragmatics
description: He led his black steed by the bridle to present less mark for observation, as he went stumbling along near the expiring fires of the camp. Who acts: page. A sentence of «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington Irving, Traitorous Message of Count Julian., with its dependency tree and the prag
---

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# Legends of the conquest of Spain, Traitorous Message of Count Julian., sentence 33

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He led his black steed by the bridle to present less mark for observation, as he went stumbling along near the expiring fires of the camp.

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**Who acts:** page · **What happens:** lead, present, go, stumble, expire, fire · **To what, where:** black steed, mark, expiring fires, camp

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This is a sentence of «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington Irving, Traitorous Message of Count Julian.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (page), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg77685:17:33
# text = He led his black steed by the bridle to present less mark for observation, as he went stumbling along near the expiring fires of the camp.
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	led	lead	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	5	nmod:poss	_	_
4	black	black	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	steed	steed	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
6	by	by	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	bridle	bridle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
9	to	to	PART	TO	_	10	mark	_	_
10	present	present	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	advcl	_	_
11	less	less	ADV	RBR	Degree=Cmp	12	advmod	_	_
12	mark	mark	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obj	_	_
13	for	for	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
14	observation	observation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	18	punct	_	_
16	as	as	SCONJ	IN	_	18	mark	_	_
17	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	18	nsubj	_	_
18	went	go	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	conj	_	_
19	stumbling	stumble	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	18	xcomp	_	_
20	along	along	ADV	RB	_	19	advmod	_	_
21	near	near	ADP	IN	_	24	case	_	_
22	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	24	det	_	_
23	expiring	expire	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	24	amod	_	_
24	fires	fire	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	19	obl	_	_
25	of	of	ADP	IN	_	27	case	_	_
26	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	27	det	_	_
27	camp	camp	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	24	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
28	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **lead** | past | page | page's black steed |  |  |  | by the bridle | vn accompany-51.7 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent steed=Theme by bridle=Destination |
| 2 | **present** | to-infinitive | page *not said here* | mark |  |  |  | for observation | vn fulfilling-13.4.1 «NP V NP PP.recipient»: agent=Agent mark=Theme for observation=Recipient |
| 3 | **go** | past | page |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7 «NP V S-Quote»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 4 | **stumble** | gerund | page *not said here* |  |  | the expiring fires of the camp |  | along *property* | vn run-51.3.2 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme near fire=Trajectory |
| 5 | **expire** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn break\_down-45.8 «NP V»: agent=Patient |
| 6 | **fire** |  |  | the camp |  |  |  |  | nom fire «event transitive»: of=patient |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington Irving, Project Gutenberg book 77685 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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