---
title: On passing the last outpost, when the guards were half slumbering on… — Legends of the conquest of Spain · tree and pragmatics
description: On passing the last outpost, when the guards were half slumbering on their arms, he was overheard and summoned, but leaped lightly into the saddle and put spurs to his steed. Who acts: guards. A sentence of «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington Irving, Traitorous Message of Count Julian.,
---

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# Legends of the conquest of Spain, Traitorous Message of Count Julian., sentence 34

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On passing the last outpost, when the guards were half slumbering on their arms, he was overheard and summoned, but leaped lightly into the saddle and put spurs to his steed.

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**Who acts:** guards · **What happens:** pass, slumber, overhear, summon, leap, put · **To what, where:** last outpost, arms, page, saddle, spurs

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This is a sentence of «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington Irving, Traitorous Message of Count Julian.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (guards), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg77685:17:34
# text = On passing the last outpost, when the guards were half slumbering on their arms, he was overheard and summoned, but leaped lightly into the saddle and put spurs to his steed.
1	On	on	SCONJ	IN	_	2	mark	_	_
2	passing	pass	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	19	advcl	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	last	last	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	outpost	outpost	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
7	when	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	12	advmod	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	guards	guard	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	12	nsubj	_	_
10	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	12	aux	_	_
11	half	half	ADV	RB	NumForm=Word|NumType=Frac	12	advmod	_	_
12	slumbering	slumber	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	2	conj	_	_
13	on	on	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
14	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	15	nmod:poss	_	_
15	arms	arm	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	12	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	2	punct	_	_
17	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	19	nsubj	_	_
18	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	19	aux:pass	_	_
19	overheard	overhear	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
20	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	21	cc	_	_
21	summoned	summon	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	19	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	24	punct	_	_
23	but	but	CCONJ	CC	_	24	cc	_	_
24	leaped	leap	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	19	conj	_	_
25	lightly	lightly	ADV	RB	_	24	advmod	_	_
26	into	into	ADP	IN	_	28	case	_	_
27	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	28	det	_	_
28	saddle	saddle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	24	obl	_	_
29	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	30	cc	_	_
30	put	put	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	24	conj	_	_
31	spurs	spur	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	30	obj	_	_
32	to	to	ADP	IN	_	34	case	_	_
33	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	34	nmod:poss	_	_
34	steed	steed	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	30	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
35	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	19	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **pass** | gerund |  | the last outpost |  |  |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1-3 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme outpost=Trajectory |
| 2 | **slumber** | past · progressive | the guards |  |  | guards's arms |  | half *property* | vn snooze-40.4 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **overhear** | past · passive |  | page |  |  |  |  | vn sight-30.2 «NP V NP»: subject=Stimulus |
| 4 | **summon** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn urge-58.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 5 | **leap** | past |  |  |  | the saddle |  | lightly *property* | vn run-51.3.2-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme into saddle=Destination |
| 6 | **put** | infinitive |  | spurs |  |  |  | to page's steed | vn invest-13.5.4-1 «NP V PP»: agent=Agent spur=Goal |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington Irving, Project Gutenberg book 77685 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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