---
title: The clatter of swift hoofs echoed behind him, but he had learnt of t… — Legends of the conquest of Spain · tree and pragmatics
description: The clatter of swift hoofs echoed behind him, but he had learnt of the Arabs to fight and fly. Who acts: clatter, page, swift hoofs. A sentence of «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington Irving, Traitorous Message of Count Julian., with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause
---

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# Legends of the conquest of Spain, Traitorous Message of Count Julian., sentence 36

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The clatter of swift hoofs echoed behind him, but he had learnt of the Arabs to fight and fly.

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**Who acts:** clatter, page, swift hoofs · **What happens:** echo, learn, fight, fly, clatter

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This is a sentence of «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington Irving, Traitorous Message of Count Julian.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (clatter, page, swift hoofs), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg77685:17:36
# text = The clatter of swift hoofs echoed behind him, but he had learnt of the Arabs to fight and fly.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	clatter	clatter	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	swift	swift	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	compound	_	_
5	hoofs	hoof	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nmod	_	_
6	echoed	echo	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	behind	behind	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	him	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
10	but	but	CCONJ	CC	_	13	cc	_	_
11	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	13	nsubj	_	_
12	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	13	aux	_	_
13	learnt	learn	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	6	conj	_	_
14	of	of	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
15	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
16	Arabs	Arab	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	13	obl	_	_
17	to	to	PART	TO	_	18	mark	_	_
18	fight	fight	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	13	advcl	_	_
19	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	20	cc	_	_
20	fly	fly	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	18	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **echo** | past | the clatter of swift hoofs |  |  |  |  | behind page | vn sound\_existence-47.4 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme behind he=Location |
| 2 | **learn** | past · perfect | page |  |  |  |  | of the Arabs | vn learn-14-2-1 «NP V PP.topic»: agent=Agent of arab=Topic |
| 3 | **fight** | to-infinitive | page *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn battle-36.4-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 4 | **fly** | infinitive | page *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn spatial\_configuration-47.6-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 5 | **clatter** |  | swift hoofs |  |  |  |  |  | nom clatter «event intransitive»: of=agent |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington Irving, Project Gutenberg book 77685 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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