---
title: Above his head was a canopy of cloth of gold embossed with armorial… — Legends of the conquest of Spain · tree and pragmatics
description: Above his head was a canopy of cloth of gold embossed with armorial devices, and studded with precious stones. A sentence of «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington Irving, Last Day of the Battle., with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Legends of the conquest of Spain, Last Day of the Battle., sentence 19

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Above his head was a canopy of cloth of gold embossed with armorial devices, and studded with precious stones.

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**What happens:** be, emboss, stud · **To what, where:** canopy, head, gold

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This is a sentence of «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington Irving, Last Day of the Battle.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg77685:18:19
# text = Above his head was a canopy of cloth of gold embossed with armorial devices, and studded with precious stones.
1	Above	above	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	3	nmod:poss	_	_
3	head	head	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	_
4	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	canopy	canopy	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	cloth	cloth	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	_
9	of	of	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	gold	gold	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nmod	_	_
11	embossed	emboss	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	10	acl	_	_
12	with	with	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
13	armorial	armorial	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	compound	_	_
14	devices	device	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	17	punct	_	_
16	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	17	cc	_	_
17	studded	stud	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	6	conj	_	_
18	with	with	ADP	IN	_	20	case	_	_
19	precious	precious	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	20	amod	_	_
20	stones	stone	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	17	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | past |  | a canopy |  | king's head |  | of cloth of gold | tree rules |
| 2 | **emboss** | participle |  | gold *not said here* |  |  |  | with armorial devices | vn image\_impression-25.1 «NP V NP.destination PP.theme»: agent=Agent with device=Theme |
| 3 | **stud** | participle |  |  |  |  |  | with precious stones | vn fill-9.8 «NP V NP PP.theme»: agent=Agent with stone=Theme |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington Irving, Project Gutenberg book 77685 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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