---
title: As the armies drew near each other the sun disappeared among gatheri… — Legends of the conquest of Spain · tree and pragmatics
description: As the armies drew near each other the sun disappeared among gathering clouds, and the gloom of the day was increased by the columns of dust which rose from either host. Who acts: armies, sun, columns, dust. A sentence of «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington Irving, Last Day of the Battl
---

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# Legends of the conquest of Spain, Last Day of the Battle., sentence 31

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As the armies drew near each other the sun disappeared among gathering clouds, and the gloom of the day was increased by the columns of dust which rose from either host.

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**Who acts:** armies, sun, columns, dust · **What happens:** draw, disappear, gather, increase, rise · **To what, where:** each, gloom, host

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This is a sentence of «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington Irving, Last Day of the Battle.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (armies, sun, columns, dust), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg77685:18:31
# text = As the armies drew near each other the sun disappeared among gathering clouds, and the gloom of the day was increased by the columns of dust which rose from either host.
1	As	as	SCONJ	IN	_	4	mark	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	armies	army	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
4	drew	draw	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	10	advcl	_	_
5	near	near	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	each	each	DET	DT	ExtPos=PRON|PronType=Rcp	4	obl	_	_
7	other	other	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	fixed	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	sun	sun	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nsubj	_	_
10	disappeared	disappear	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
11	among	among	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
12	gathering	gather	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	13	amod	_	_
13	clouds	cloud	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	22	punct	_	_
15	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	22	cc	_	_
16	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	17	det	_	_
17	gloom	gloom	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	22	nsubj:pass	_	_
18	of	of	ADP	IN	_	20	case	_	_
19	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	20	det	_	_
20	day	day	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	nmod	_	_
21	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	22	aux:pass	_	_
22	increased	increase	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	10	conj	_	_
23	by	by	ADP	IN	_	25	case	_	_
24	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	25	det	_	_
25	columns	column	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	22	obl	_	_
26	of	of	ADP	IN	_	27	case	_	_
27	dust	dust	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	25	nmod	_	_
28	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	29	nsubj	_	_
29	rose	rise	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	27	acl:relcl	_	_
30	from	from	ADP	IN	_	32	case	_	_
31	either	either	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	32	det	_	_
32	host	host	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	29	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
33	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	10	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **draw** | past | the armies |  |  | each |  |  | vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **disappear** | past | the sun |  |  |  |  | among gathering clouds | vn disappearance-48.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 3 | **gather** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn herd-47.5.2 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 4 | **increase** | past · passive | the columns of dust | the gloom of the day |  |  |  |  | vn caused\_calibratable\_cos-45.6.2-1 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Causer subject=Patient |
| 5 | **rise** | past | dust |  |  | either host |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial\_location»: agent=Theme from host=Initial\_Location |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington Irving, Project Gutenberg book 77685 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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