---
title: The Christians knew not whom to contend with, or whom to trust. — Legends of the conquest of Spain · tree and pragmatics
description: The Christians knew not whom to contend with, or whom to trust. Who acts: Christians. A sentence of «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington Irving, Last Day of the Battle., with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Legends of the conquest of Spain, Last Day of the Battle., sentence 48

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The Christians knew not whom to contend with, or whom to trust.

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**Who acts:** Christians · **What happens:** not know, contend, trust · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is a sentence of «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington Irving, Last Day of the Battle.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Christians), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg77685:18:48
# text = The Christians knew not whom to contend with, or whom to trust.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	Christians	Christian	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	knew	know	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	3	advmod	_	_
5	whom	whom	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	7	obj	_	_
6	to	to	PART	TO	_	7	mark	_	_
7	contend	contend	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	ccomp	_	_
8	with	with	ADP	IN	_	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
10	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	13	cc	_	_
11	whom	whom	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	13	obj	_	_
12	to	to	PART	TO	_	13	mark	_	_
13	trust	trust	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	7	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **know** | past | the Christians |  |  |  |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V how S\_INF»: agent=Experiencer clause=Stimulus |
| 2 | **contend** | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  | whom *obj* | tree rules |
| 3 | **trust** | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  | whom *obj* | vn conjecture-29.5-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent whom=Theme |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington Irving, Project Gutenberg book 77685 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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