---
title: Throwing off the cumbrous robes of royalty, and descending from his… — Legends of the conquest of Spain · tree and pragmatics
description: Throwing off the cumbrous robes of royalty, and descending from his car, he sprang upon his steed Orelia, grasped his lance and buckler, and endeavoured to rally his retreating troops. Who acts: courage. A sentence of «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington Irving, Last Day of the Battle., 
---

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# Legends of the conquest of Spain, Last Day of the Battle., sentence 51

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Throwing off the cumbrous robes of royalty, and descending from his car, he sprang upon his steed Orelia, grasped his lance and buckler, and endeavoured to rally his retreating troops.

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**Who acts:** courage · **What happens:** throw off, descend, spring, grasp, endeavour, rally · **To what, where:** cumbrous robes, car, steed, lance, retreating troops

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This is a sentence of «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington Irving, Last Day of the Battle.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (courage), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg77685:18:51
# text = Throwing off the cumbrous robes of royalty, and descending from his car, he sprang upon his steed Orelia, grasped his lance and buckler, and endeavoured to rally his retreating troops.
1	Throwing	throw	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	16	advcl	_	_
2	off	off	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	cumbrous	cumbrous	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	robes	robe	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	obl	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	royalty	royalty	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
9	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
10	descending	descend	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	1	conj	_	_
11	from	from	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
12	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	13	nmod:poss	_	_
13	car	car	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	1	punct	_	_
15	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	16	nsubj	_	_
16	sprang	spring	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
17	upon	upon	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
18	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	19	nmod:poss	_	_
19	steed	steed	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	obl	_	_
20	Orelia	Orelia	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	19	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	22	punct	_	_
22	grasped	grasp	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	16	conj	_	_
23	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	24	nmod:poss	_	_
24	lance	lance	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	22	obj	_	_
25	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	26	cc	_	_
26	buckler	buckler	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	24	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
27	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	29	punct	_	_
28	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	29	cc	_	_
29	endeavoured	endeavour	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	16	conj	_	_
30	to	to	PART	TO	_	31	mark	_	_
31	rally	rally	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	29	xcomp	_	_
32	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	34	nmod:poss	_	_
33	retreating	retreat	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	34	amod	_	_
34	troops	troops	NOUN	NNS	Number=Ptan	31	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
35	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	16	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **throw off** | gerund | courage *not said here* | the cumbrous robes of royalty |  |  |  |  | vn throw-17.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent robe=Theme |
| 2 | **descend** | gerund | courage *not said here* |  |  | courage's car |  |  | vn meander-47.7-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme from car=Location |
| 3 | **spring** | past | courage |  |  | courage's steed |  |  | vn run-51.3.2 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme upon steed=Trajectory |
| 4 | **grasp** | past | courage *not said here* | courage's lance and buckler |  |  |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer lance=Stimulus |
| 5 | **endeavour** | past | courage *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 6 | **rally** | to-infinitive | courage *not said here* | courage's retreating troops |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 7 | **retreat** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn calibratable\_cos-45.6.1-1 «NP.attribute V»: agent=Attribute |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington Irving, Project Gutenberg book 77685 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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