---
title: He was surrounded and assailed by a multitude of his own traitorous… — Legends of the conquest of Spain · tree and pragmatics
description: He was surrounded and assailed by a multitude of his own traitorous subjects, but defended himself with wondrous prowess. A sentence of «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington Irving, Last Day of the Battle., with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Legends of the conquest of Spain, Last Day of the Battle., sentence 52

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He was surrounded and assailed by a multitude of his own traitorous subjects, but defended himself with wondrous prowess.

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**What happens:** surround, assail, defend · **To what, where:** courage

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This is a sentence of «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington Irving, Last Day of the Battle.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg77685:18:52
# text = He was surrounded and assailed by a multitude of his own traitorous subjects, but defended himself with wondrous prowess.
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj:pass	_	_
2	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux:pass	_	_
3	surrounded	surround	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
4	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	5	cc	_	_
5	assailed	assail	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	3	conj	_	_
6	by	by	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	multitude	multitude	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	_
9	of	of	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
10	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	13	nmod:poss	_	_
11	own	own	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	amod	_	_
12	traitorous	traitorous	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	amod	_	_
13	subjects	subject	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	16	punct	_	_
15	but	but	CCONJ	CC	_	16	cc	_	_
16	defended	defend	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	conj	_	_
17	himself	himself	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs|Reflex=Yes	16	obj	_	_
18	with	with	ADP	IN	_	20	case	_	_
19	wondrous	wondrous	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	20	amod	_	_
20	prowess	prowess	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **surround** | past · passive |  | courage |  |  |  |  | vn contiguous\_location-47.8 «NP V NP»: subject=Co-Theme |
| 2 | **assail** | participle |  |  |  |  |  | by a multitude of courage's own traitorous subjects | vn attack-60.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **defend** | past |  | courage |  |  |  | with wondrous prowess | vn defend-72.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent himself=Beneficiary |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington Irving, Project Gutenberg book 77685 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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