---
title: The enemy thickened around him; his loyal band of cavaliers were sla… — Legends of the conquest of Spain · tree and pragmatics
description: The enemy thickened around him; his loyal band of cavaliers were slain, bravely fighting in his defence; the last that was seen of the king was in the midst of the enemy, dealing death at every blow. Who acts: enemy, loyal band, king, courage. A sentence of «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Wash
---

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# Legends of the conquest of Spain, Last Day of the Battle., sentence 53

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The enemy thickened around him; his loyal band of cavaliers were slain, bravely fighting in his defence; the last that was seen of the king was in the midst of the enemy, dealing death at every blow.

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**Who acts:** enemy, loyal band, king, courage · **What happens:** thicken, be, fight, see, deal, defend · **To what, where:** defence, last, death, blow

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This is a sentence of «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington Irving, Last Day of the Battle.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (enemy, loyal band, king, courage), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg77685:18:53
# text = The enemy thickened around him; his loyal band of cavaliers were slain, bravely fighting in his defence; the last that was seen of the king was in the midst of the enemy, dealing death at every blow.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	enemy	enemy	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	thickened	thicken	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	around	around	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	him	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	;	;	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
7	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	9	nmod:poss	_	_
8	loyal	loyal	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	band	band	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	nsubj	_	_
10	of	of	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
11	cavaliers	cavalier	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	nmod	_	_
12	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	13	cop	_	_
13	slain	slain	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	16	punct	_	_
15	bravely	bravely	ADV	RB	_	16	advmod	_	_
16	fighting	fight	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	13	advcl	_	_
17	in	in	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
18	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	19	nmod:poss	_	_
19	defence	defence	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	25	punct	_	_
21	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	22	det	_	_
22	last	last	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	25	nsubj:pass	_	_
23	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	25	nsubj	_	_
24	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	25	aux:pass	_	_
25	seen	see	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	3	conj	_	_
26	of	of	ADP	IN	_	32	case	_	_
27	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	28	det	_	_
28	king	king	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	32	nsubj	_	_
29	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	32	cop	_	_
30	in	in	ADP	IN	_	32	case	_	_
31	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	32	det	_	_
32	midst	midst	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	25	obl	_	_
33	of	of	ADP	IN	_	35	case	_	_
34	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	35	det	_	_
35	enemy	enemy	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	32	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
36	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	37	punct	_	_
37	dealing	deal	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	25	advcl	_	_
38	death	death	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	37	obj	_	_
39	at	at	ADP	IN	_	41	case	_	_
40	every	every	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	41	det	_	_
41	blow	blow	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	37	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
42	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **thicken** | past | the enemy |  |  |  |  | around courage | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |
| 2 | **is** | past | courage's loyal band of cavaliers |  |  |  |  | slain *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **fight** | gerund | courage's loyal band of cavaliers *not said here* |  |  | courage's defence |  | bravely *property* | vn battle-36.4-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 4 | **see** | past · passive |  | the last |  |  |  | that *nsubj* | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Stimulus |
| 5 | **is** | past | the king |  |  |  |  | of the midst; of the enemy | tree rules |
| 6 | **deal** | gerund |  | death |  | every blow |  |  | vn give-13.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent death=Theme |
| 7 | **defend** |  | courage |  |  |  |  |  | nom defence «process transitive»: poss=agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington Irving, Project Gutenberg book 77685 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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