---
title: The flames of these pyres rose high in the air, and were seen afar o… — Legends of the conquest of Spain · tree and pragmatics
description: The flames of these pyres rose high in the air, and were seen afar off in the night; and when the Christians beheld them from the neighbouring hills they beat their breasts and tore their hair, and lamented over them as over the funeral fires of their country. Who acts: flames, Christians, pyres. A 
---

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# Legends of the conquest of Spain, The Field of Battle After the Defeat.—the Fate of Roderick., sentence 12

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The flames of these pyres rose high in the air, and were seen afar off in the night; and when the Christians beheld them from the neighbouring hills they beat their breasts and tore their hair, and lamented over them as over the funeral fires of their country.

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**Who acts:** flames, Christians, pyres · **What happens:** rise, see, behold, beat, tore, lament · **To what, where:** air, pyres, neighbouring hills, breasts, hair, country

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This is a sentence of «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington Irving, The Field of Battle After the Defeat.—the Fate of Roderick.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (flames, Christians, pyres), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg77685:19:12
# text = The flames of these pyres rose high in the air, and were seen afar off in the night; and when the Christians beheld them from the neighbouring hills they beat their breasts and tore their hair, and lamented over them as over the funeral fires of their country.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	flames	flame	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nsubj	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	these	this	DET	DT	Number=Plur|PronType=Dem	5	det	_	_
5	pyres	pyre	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nmod	_	_
6	rose	rise	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	high	high	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	xcomp	_	_
8	in	in	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	air	air	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
12	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	14	cc	_	_
13	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	14	aux:pass	_	_
14	seen	see	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	6	conj	_	_
15	afar	afar	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	14	xcomp	_	_
16	off	off	ADP	RP	_	15	compound:prt	_	_
17	in	in	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
18	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	19	det	_	_
19	night	night	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	;	;	PUNCT	,	_	25	punct	_	_
21	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	25	cc	_	_
22	when	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	25	advmod	_	_
23	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	24	det	_	_
24	Christians	Christian	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	25	nsubj	_	_
25	beheld	behold	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	6	conj	_	_
26	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	25	obj	_	_
27	from	from	ADP	IN	_	30	case	_	_
28	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	30	det	_	_
29	neighbouring	neighbouring	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	30	compound	_	_
30	hills	hill	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	25	obl	_	_
31	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	32	nsubj	_	_
32	beat	beat	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	30	acl:relcl	_	_
33	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	34	nmod:poss	_	_
34	breasts	breast	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	32	obj	_	_
35	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	36	cc	_	_
36	tore	tore	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	25	conj	_	_
37	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	38	nmod:poss	_	_
38	hair	hair	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	36	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
39	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	41	punct	_	_
40	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	41	cc	_	_
41	lamented	lament	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	6	conj	_	_
42	over	over	ADP	IN	_	43	case	_	_
43	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	41	obl	_	_
44	as	as	ADV	RB	_	41	advmod	_	_
45	over	over	ADP	IN	_	48	case	_	_
46	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	48	det	_	_
47	funeral	funeral	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	48	compound	_	_
48	fires	fire	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	41	obl:agent	_	_
49	of	of	ADP	IN	_	51	case	_	_
50	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	51	nmod:poss	_	_
51	country	country	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	48	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
52	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **rise** | past | the flames of this pyres |  |  | the air |  | high *property* | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent in air=Location |
| 2 | **see** | past · passive | the flames of this pyres *not said here* |  |  |  |  | afar *property* | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V» |
| 3 | **behold** | past | the Christians | pyres *= pyre* |  | the neighbouring hills |  |  | vn sight-30.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer they=Stimulus |
| 4 | **beat** | present | pyres *= pyre* | pyres's breasts |  |  |  |  | vn sound\_emission-43.2 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location breast=Theme |
| 5 | **tore** | past | the Christians *not said here* | pyres's hair |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 6 | **lament** | participle | the flames of this pyres *not said here* |  |  |  |  | over pyres *= pyre*; the funeral fires of pyres's country *obl:agent* | vn admire-31.2 «NP V that S»: agent=Experiencer |
| 7 | **flame** |  | this pyres |  |  |  |  |  | nom flame «process intransitive»: of=agent |
| 8 | **fire** |  |  | pyres's country |  |  |  |  | nom fire «event transitive»: of=patient |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington Irving, Project Gutenberg book 77685 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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