---
title: On being questioned, the trembling rustic declared, that while tendi… — Legends of the conquest of Spain · tree and pragmatics
description: On being questioned, the trembling rustic declared, that while tending his sheep in the folds of the mountains, there came a cavalier on a horse wearied and spent and ready to sink beneath the spur; that the cavalier with an authoritative voice and menacing air commanded him to exchange garments wit
---

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# Legends of the conquest of Spain, The Field of Battle After the Defeat.—the Fate of Roderick., sentence 28

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On being questioned, the trembling rustic declared, that while tending his sheep in the folds of the mountains, there came a cavalier on a horse wearied and spent and ready to sink beneath the spur; that the cavalier with an authoritative voice and menacing air commanded him to exchange garments with him, and clad himself in his rude garb of sheep-skin, and took his crook and his scrip of provisions, and continued up the rugged defiles of the mountains leading towards Castile, until he was lost to view.

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**Who acts:** that, cavalier, mountains · **What happens:** question, tremble, declare, tend, come, weary · **To what, where:** sheep, folds, cavalier, Julian, garments, rude garb · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is a sentence of «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington Irving, The Field of Battle After the Defeat.—the Fate of Roderick.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (that, cavalier, mountains), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg77685:19:28
# text = On being questioned, the trembling rustic declared, that while tending his sheep in the folds of the mountains, there came a cavalier on a horse wearied and spent and ready to sink beneath the spur; that the cavalier with an authoritative voice and menacing air commanded him to exchange garments with him, and clad himself in his rude garb of sheep-skin, and took his crook and his scrip of provisions, and continued up the rugged defiles of the mountains leading towards Castile, until he was lost to view.
1	On	on	SCONJ	IN	_	3	mark	_	_
2	being	be	AUX	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	3	aux:pass	_	_
3	questioned	question	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	3	punct	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	trembling	tremble	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	3	advcl	_	_
7	rustic	rustic	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	declared	declare	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	6	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
10	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	12	nsubj	_	_
11	while	while	SCONJ	IN	_	12	mark	_	_
12	tending	tend	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	6	conj	_	_
13	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	14	nmod:poss	_	_
14	sheep	sheep	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	12	obj	_	_
15	in	in	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
16	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	17	det	_	_
17	folds	fold	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	12	obl	_	_
18	of	of	ADP	IN	_	20	case	_	_
19	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	20	det	_	_
20	mountains	mountain	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	17	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	23	punct	_	_
22	there	there	PRON	EX	PronType=Dem	23	expl	_	_
23	came	come	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	12	conj	_	_
24	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	25	det	_	_
25	cavalier	cavalier	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	23	obj	_	_
26	on	on	ADP	IN	_	28	case	_	_
27	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	28	det	_	_
28	horse	horse	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	25	nmod	_	_
29	wearied	weary	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	25	acl	_	_
30	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	31	cc	_	_
31	spent	spend	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	29	conj	_	_
32	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	33	cc	_	_
33	ready	ready	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	29	conj	_	_
34	to	to	PART	TO	_	35	mark	_	_
35	sink	sink	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	33	xcomp	_	_
36	beneath	beneath	ADP	IN	_	38	case	_	_
37	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	38	det	_	_
38	spur	spur	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	35	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
39	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	50	punct	_	_
40	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	50	mark	_	_
41	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	42	det	_	_
42	cavalier	cavalier	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	50	nsubj	_	_
43	with	with	ADP	IN	_	46	case	_	_
44	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	46	det	_	_
45	authoritative	authoritative	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	46	amod	_	_
46	voice	voice	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	42	nmod	_	_
47	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	49	cc	_	_
48	menacing	menace	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	49	amod	_	_
49	air	air	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	42	conj	_	_
50	commanded	command	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	23	parataxis	_	_
51	him	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	50	obj	_	_
52	to	to	PART	TO	_	53	mark	_	_
53	exchange	exchange	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	50	xcomp	_	_
54	garments	garment	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	53	obj	_	_
55	with	with	ADP	IN	_	56	case	_	_
56	him	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	53	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
57	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	59	punct	_	_
58	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	59	cc	_	_
59	clad	clad	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	50	conj	_	_
60	himself	himself	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs|Reflex=Yes	59	obj	_	_
61	in	in	ADP	IN	_	64	case	_	_
62	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	64	nmod:poss	_	_
63	rude	rude	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	64	amod	_	_
64	garb	garb	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	59	obl	_	_
65	of	of	ADP	IN	_	66	case	_	_
66	sheep	sheep	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	64	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
67	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	68	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
68	skin	skin	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	66	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
69	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	71	punct	_	_
70	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	71	cc	_	_
71	took	take	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	50	conj	_	_
72	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	73	nmod:poss	_	_
73	crook	crook	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	71	obj	_	_
74	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	76	cc	_	_
75	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	76	nmod:poss	_	_
76	scrip	scrip	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	73	conj	_	_
77	of	of	ADP	IN	_	78	case	_	_
78	provisions	provision	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	76	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
79	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	81	punct	_	_
80	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	81	cc	_	_
81	continued	continue	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	71	parataxis	_	_
82	up	up	ADP	RP	_	81	compound:prt	_	_
83	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	85	det	_	_
84	rugged	rugged	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	85	amod	_	_
85	defiles	defile	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	81	obj	_	_
86	of	of	ADP	IN	_	88	case	_	_
87	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	88	det	_	_
88	mountains	mountain	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	85	nmod	_	_
89	leading	lead	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	88	acl	_	_
90	towards	towards	ADP	IN	_	91	case	_	_
91	Castile	Castile	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	89	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
92	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	96	punct	_	_
93	until	until	SCONJ	IN	_	96	mark	_	_
94	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	96	nsubj	_	_
95	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	96	aux:pass	_	_
96	lost	lose	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	81	conj	_	_
97	to	to	PART	TO	_	98	mark	_	_
98	view	view	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	96	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
99	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **question** *speech: other* | gerund · passive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn interrogate-37.1.3 «NP V NP» |
| 2 | **tremble** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **declare** *speech: other* | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn declare-29.4-1-1-1 «NP V what S\_INF»: agent=Agent |
| 4 | **tend** | gerund | that | Julian's sheep |  | the folds of the mountains |  |  | vn caring-75.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent sheep=Theme |
| 5 | **come** | past | that *not said here* | a cavalier |  | there |  | on a horse | vn appear-48.1.1 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location cavalier=Theme |
| 6 | **weary** | participle |  | a cavalier *not said here* |  |  |  |  | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Experiencer |
| 7 | **spend** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn consume-66-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 8 | **sink** | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  | beneath the spur | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |
| 9 | **menace** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Experiencer |
| 10 | **command** | past | the cavalier with a authoritative voice and menacing air | Julian |  |  |  |  | vn order-58.3-1 «NP V NP S\_ING»: agent=Agent he=Recipient clause=Topic |
| 11 | **exchange** *not said to happen* | to-infinitive | the cavalier with a authoritative voice and menacing air *not said here* | garments |  |  |  | with Julian | vn exchange-13.6.1 «NP V NP PP.co-agent»: agent=Agent garment=Theme with he=Co-Agent |
| 12 | **clad** | past | the cavalier with a authoritative voice and menacing air *not said here* | Julian |  | Julian's rude garb of sheep and skin |  |  | tree rules |
| 13 | **take** | past | the cavalier with a authoritative voice and menacing air *not said here* | Julian's crook and Julian's scrip of provisions |  |  |  |  | vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent crook=Theme |
| 14 | **continue up** | participle |  | the rugged defiles of the mountains |  |  |  |  | vn sustain-55.6 «NP V NP PP.instrument»: agent=Agent defile=Theme |
| 15 | **lead** | gerund | the mountains *not said here* |  |  |  |  | towards Castile | vn accompany-51.7 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent towards castile=Destination |
| 16 | **lose** | past · passive |  | Julian |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 17 | **view** | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn characterize-29.2-1 «NP V how S»: agent=Agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington Irving, Project Gutenberg book 77685 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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