---
title: It was nightfall when they sallied forth, and they were so much affe… — Legends of the conquest of Spain · tree and pragmatics
description: It was nightfall when they sallied forth, and they were so much affected by the terror they had undergone, and by the cold and damp air of the cavern, to which they were the more sensible from its being in the summer, that all of them fell sick, and several of them died. Who acts: passage, nightfall
---

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# Legends of the conquest of Spain, The Cave of Hercules., sentence 24

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It was nightfall when they sallied forth, and they were so much affected by the terror they had undergone, and by the cold and damp air of the cavern, to which they were the more sensible from its being in the summer, that all of them fell sick, and several of them died.

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**Who acts:** passage, nightfall, terror, all, several · **What happens:** be, sally, affect, undergo, fall, die · **To what, where:** nightfall, terror

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This is a sentence of «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington Irving, The Cave of Hercules.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (passage, nightfall, terror, all), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg77685:21:24
# text = It was nightfall when they sallied forth, and they were so much affected by the terror they had undergone, and by the cold and damp air of the cavern, to which they were the more sensible from its being in the summer, that all of them fell sick, and several of them died.
1	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
2	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	cop	_	_
3	nightfall	nightfall	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
4	when	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	6	advmod	_	_
5	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	6	nsubj	_	_
6	sallied	sally	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	acl:relcl	_	_
7	forth	forth	ADV	RB	_	6	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
9	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	14	cc	_	_
10	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	14	nsubj:pass	_	_
11	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	14	aux:pass	_	_
12	so	so	ADV	RB	_	13	advmod	_	_
13	much	much	ADV	RB	_	14	advmod	_	_
14	affected	affect	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	3	acl	_	_
15	by	by	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
16	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	17	det	_	_
17	terror	terror	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	obl	_	_
18	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	20	nsubj	_	_
19	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	20	aux	_	_
20	undergone	undergo	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	17	acl:relcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	28	punct	_	_
22	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	28	cc	_	_
23	by	by	ADP	IN	_	28	case	_	_
24	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	28	det	_	_
25	cold	cold	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	28	amod	_	_
26	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	27	cc	_	_
27	damp	damp	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	25	conj	_	_
28	air	air	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	conj	_	_
29	of	of	ADP	IN	_	31	case	_	_
30	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	31	det	_	_
31	cavern	cavern	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	28	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
32	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	39	punct	_	_
33	to	to	ADP	IN	_	34	case	_	_
34	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	39	obl	_	_
35	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	39	nsubj	_	_
36	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	39	cop	_	_
37	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	39	det	_	_
38	more	more	ADV	RBR	Degree=Cmp	39	advmod	_	_
39	sensible	sensible	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	parataxis	_	_
40	from	from	ADP	IN	_	45	case	_	_
41	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	45	nmod:poss	_	_
42	being	be	AUX	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	45	cop	_	_
43	in	in	ADP	IN	_	45	case	_	_
44	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	45	det	_	_
45	summer	summer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	39	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
46	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	51	punct	_	_
47	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	51	mark	_	_
48	all	all	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	51	nsubj	_	_
49	of	of	ADP	IN	_	50	case	_	_
50	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	48	nmod	_	_
51	fell	fall	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	39	parataxis	_	_
52	sick	sick	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	51	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
53	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	58	punct	_	_
54	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	58	cc	_	_
55	several	several	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	58	nsubj	_	_
56	of	of	ADP	IN	_	57	case	_	_
57	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	55	nmod	_	_
58	died	die	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	51	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
59	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | past | passage | nightfall and the cold air of the cavern |  |  |  | the cold air of the cavern *conj* | tree rules |
| 2 | **sally** | past | nightfall |  |  |  |  | forth *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **affect** | past · passive | the terror | nightfall |  |  |  |  | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Stimulus subject=Experiencer |
| 4 | **undergo** | past · perfect | nightfall | the terror *not said here* |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 5 | **is** | past | nightfall |  |  |  |  | to nightfall and the cold air of the cavern; sensible *property* | tree rules |
| 6 | **is** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  | from passage's summer; passage *nmod:poss* | tree rules |
| 7 | **fall** | past | all of nightfall |  |  |  |  | sick *property* | vn occur-48.3 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 8 | **die** | past | several of nightfall |  |  |  |  |  | vn calibratable\_cos-45.6.1 «NP.attribute V»: agent=Attribute |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington Irving, Project Gutenberg book 77685 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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