---
title: Losing all courage, he now turned and sought his way out of the cave. — Legends of the conquest of Spain · tree and pragmatics
description: Losing all courage, he now turned and sought his way out of the cave. Who acts: contest. A sentence of «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington Irving, The Cave of Hercules., with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Legends of the conquest of Spain, The Cave of Hercules., sentence 36

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Losing all courage, he now turned and sought his way out of the cave.

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**Who acts:** contest · **What happens:** lose, turn, seek · **To what, where:** courage, way, cave

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This is a sentence of «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington Irving, The Cave of Hercules.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (contest), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg77685:21:36
# text = Losing all courage, he now turned and sought his way out of the cave.
1	Losing	lose	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	7	advcl	_	_
2	all	all	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	3	det	_	_
3	courage	courage	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	1	punct	_	_
5	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	7	nsubj	_	_
6	now	now	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	7	advmod	_	_
7	turned	turn	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
8	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
9	sought	seek	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	7	conj	_	_
10	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	11	nmod:poss	_	_
11	way	way	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obj	_	_
12	out	out	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
13	of	of	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
14	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
15	cave	cave	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **lose** | gerund | contest *not said here* | all courage |  |  |  |  | vn succeed-74-3-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent courage=Eventuality |
| 2 | **turn** | past | contest |  |  |  | now |  | vn roll-51.3.1 «NP.theme V»: agent=Theme |
| 3 | **seek** | past | contest *not said here* | contest's way |  | the cave |  |  | vn hunt-35.1 «NP V NP PP.location»: agent=Agent way=Theme out cave=Location |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington Irving, Project Gutenberg book 77685 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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