---
title: He, moreover, pronounces his dying, shortly after coming forth, as v… — Legends of the conquest of Spain · tree and pragmatics
description: He, moreover, pronounces his dying, shortly after coming forth, as very probable; because the darkness of the cave, its coldness, the fright at finding the bones, the dread of meeting the imaginary dog, all joining to operate upon a man who was past the prime of his days, and enfeebled by poverty an
---

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# Legends of the conquest of Spain, The Cave of Hercules., sentence 41

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He, moreover, pronounces his dying, shortly after coming forth, as very probable; because the darkness of the cave, its coldness, the fright at finding the bones, the dread of meeting the imaginary dog, all joining to operate upon a man who was past the prime of his days, and enfeebled by poverty and scanty food, might easily cause his death.

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**Who acts:** Don, fright, dread, all, man, darkness · **What happens:** pronounce, die, come, find, meet, join · **To what, where:** bones, imaginary dog, death

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This is a sentence of «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington Irving, The Cave of Hercules.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Don, fright, dread, all), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg77685:21:41
# text = He, moreover, pronounces his dying, shortly after coming forth, as very probable; because the darkness of the cave, its coldness, the fright at finding the bones, the dread of meeting the imaginary dog, all joining to operate upon a man who was past the prime of his days, and enfeebled by poverty and scanty food, might easily cause his death.
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	5	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	1	punct	_	_
3	moreover	moreover	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	3	punct	_	_
5	pronounces	pronounce	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Gender=Masc|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	7	nsubj	_	_
7	dying	die	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	5	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
9	shortly	shortly	ADV	RB	_	11	advmod	_	_
10	after	after	SCONJ	IN	_	11	mark	_	_
11	coming	come	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	5	advcl	_	_
12	forth	forth	ADV	RB	_	11	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	16	punct	_	_
14	as	as	SCONJ	IN	_	16	mark	_	_
15	very	very	ADV	RB	_	16	advmod	_	_
16	probable	probable	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	;	;	PUNCT	,	_	69	punct	_	_
18	because	because	SCONJ	IN	_	69	mark	_	_
19	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	20	det	_	_
20	darkness	darkness	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	69	nsubj	_	_
21	of	of	ADP	IN	_	23	case	_	_
22	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	23	det	_	_
23	cave	cave	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	20	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	26	punct	_	_
25	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	26	nmod:poss	_	_
26	coldness	coldness	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	20	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
27	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	29	punct	_	_
28	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	29	det	_	_
29	fright	fright	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	26	appos	_	_
30	at	at	SCONJ	IN	_	31	mark	_	_
31	finding	find	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	29	acl	_	_
32	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	33	det	_	_
33	bones	bone	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	31	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
34	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	36	punct	_	_
35	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	36	det	_	_
36	dread	dread	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	26	conj	_	_
37	of	of	SCONJ	IN	_	38	mark	_	_
38	meeting	meet	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	36	acl	_	_
39	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	41	det	_	_
40	imaginary	imaginary	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	41	amod	_	_
41	dog	dog	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	38	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
42	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	44	punct	_	_
43	all	all	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	44	nsubj	_	_
44	joining	join	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	26	conj	_	_
45	to	to	PART	TO	_	46	mark	_	_
46	operate	operate	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	44	xcomp	_	_
47	upon	upon	ADP	IN	_	49	case	_	_
48	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	49	det	_	_
49	man	man	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	46	obl	_	_
50	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	54	nsubj	_	_
51	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	54	cop	_	_
52	past	past	ADP	IN	_	54	case	_	_
53	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	54	det	_	_
54	prime	prime	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	49	acl:relcl	_	_
55	of	of	ADP	IN	_	57	case	_	_
56	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	57	nmod:poss	_	_
57	days	day	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	54	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
58	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	60	punct	_	_
59	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	60	cc	_	_
60	enfeebled	enfeeble	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	44	conj	_	_
61	by	by	ADP	IN	_	62	case	_	_
62	poverty	poverty	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	60	obl	_	_
63	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	65	cc	_	_
64	scanty	scanty	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	65	compound	_	_
65	food	food	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	62	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
66	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	20	punct	_	_
67	might	might	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	69	aux	_	_
68	easily	easily	ADV	RB	_	69	advmod	_	_
69	cause	cause	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	conj	_	_
70	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	71	nmod:poss	_	_
71	death	death	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	69	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
72	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **pronounce** | present | Don |  |  |  |  | moreover *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **die** | gerund | Don |  |  |  |  |  | vn calibratable\_cos-45.6.1 «NP.attribute V»: agent=Attribute |
| 3 | **come** | gerund | Don *not said here* |  |  |  |  | forth, shortly *property* | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 4 | **find** | gerund | the fright *not said here* | the bones |  |  |  |  | vn discover-84 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent bone=Topic |
| 5 | **meet** | gerund | the dread *not said here* | the imaginary dog |  |  |  |  | vn meet-36.3-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent dog=Co-Agent |
| 6 | **join** | gerund | all |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 7 | **operate** | to-infinitive | all *not said here* |  |  |  |  | upon a man | vn function-105.2.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 8 | **is** | past | a man |  |  |  | day | past the prime | tree rules |
| 9 | **enfeeble** | participle | all *not said here* |  |  |  |  | by poverty and scanty food | tree rules |
| 10 | **cause** | might | the darkness of the cave and hope's coldness and the dread | Don's death |  |  |  | easily *property* | vn engender-27.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Precondition death=Patient |
| 11 | **die** |  | Don |  |  |  |  |  | nom death «event intransitive»: poss=agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington Irving, Project Gutenberg book 77685 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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