---
title: The learned Salazar de Mendoza, however, in his history of the grand… — Legends of the conquest of Spain · tree and pragmatics
description: The learned Salazar de Mendoza, however, in his history of the grand cardinal of Spain, affirms it as an established fact, that it was first wrought out of the rock by Tubal, the son of Japhet, and grandson of Noah; and afterwards repaired and greatly augmented by Hercules the Egyptian, who made it 
---

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# Legends of the conquest of Spain, The Cave of Hercules., sentence 43

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The learned Salazar de Mendoza, however, in his history of the grand cardinal of Spain, affirms it as an established fact, that it was first wrought out of the rock by Tubal, the son of Japhet, and grandson of Noah; and afterwards repaired and greatly augmented by Hercules the Egyptian, who made it his habitation after he had erected his pillars at the straits of Gibraltar.

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**Who acts:** learned Salazar Mendoza, cardinal, Mendoza · **What happens:** learn, affirm, establish, be, repair, augment · **To what, where:** cardinal, history, rock, Egyptian, pillars, straits

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This is a sentence of «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington Irving, The Cave of Hercules.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (learned Salazar Mendoza, cardinal, Mendoza), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg77685:21:43
# text = The learned Salazar de Mendoza, however, in his history of the grand cardinal of Spain, affirms it as an established fact, that it was first wrought out of the rock by Tubal, the son of Japhet, and grandson of Noah; and afterwards repaired and greatly augmented by Hercules the Egyptian, who made it his habitation after he had erected his pillars at the straits of Gibraltar.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
2	learned	learn	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	5	amod	_	_
3	Salazar	Salazar	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	compound	_	_
4	de	de	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	flat	_	_
5	Mendoza	Mendoza	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	19	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
7	however	however	ADV	RB	_	19	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	_
9	in	in	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	11	nmod:poss	_	_
11	history	history	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	19	obl	_	_
12	of	of	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
13	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
14	grand	grand	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	15	amod	_	_
15	cardinal	cardinal	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	nmod	_	_
16	of	of	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
17	Spain	Spain	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	15	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
19	affirms	affirm	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
20	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	19	obj	_	_
21	as	as	ADP	IN	_	24	case	_	_
22	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	24	det	_	_
23	established	establish	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	24	amod	_	_
24	fact	fact	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	19	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
25	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	30	punct	_	_
26	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	30	mark	_	_
27	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	30	nsubj	_	_
28	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	30	cop	_	_
29	first	first	ADV	RB	NumForm=Word|NumType=Ord	30	advmod	_	_
30	wrought	wrought	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	19	conj	_	_
31	out	out	ADP	IN	_	34	case	_	_
32	of	of	ADP	IN	_	34	case	_	_
33	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	34	det	_	_
34	rock	rock	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	30	obl	_	_
35	by	by	ADP	IN	_	36	case	_	_
36	Tubal	Tubal	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	34	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
37	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	39	punct	_	_
38	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	39	det	_	_
39	son	son	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	34	conj	_	_
40	of	of	ADP	IN	_	41	case	_	_
41	Japhet	Japhet	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	39	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
42	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	44	punct	_	_
43	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	44	cc	_	_
44	grandson	grandson	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	30	conj	_	_
45	of	of	ADP	IN	_	46	case	_	_
46	Noah	Noah	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	44	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
47	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	50	punct	_	_
48	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	50	cc	_	_
49	afterwards	afterwards	ADV	RB	_	50	advmod	_	_
50	repaired	repair	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	19	parataxis	_	_
51	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	53	cc	_	_
52	greatly	greatly	ADV	RB	_	53	advmod	_	_
53	augmented	augment	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	50	conj	_	_
54	by	by	ADP	IN	_	55	case	_	_
55	Hercules	Hercules	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	53	obl	_	_
56	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	57	det	_	_
57	Egyptian	Egyptian	ADJ	NNP	Degree=Pos	53	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
58	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	60	punct	_	_
59	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	60	nsubj	_	_
60	made	make	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	57	acl:relcl	_	_
61	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	60	obj	_	_
62	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	63	nmod:poss	_	_
63	habitation	habitation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	60	obj	_	_
64	after	after	SCONJ	IN	_	67	mark	_	_
65	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	67	nsubj	_	_
66	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	67	aux	_	_
67	erected	erect	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	60	advcl	_	_
68	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	69	nmod:poss	_	_
69	pillars	pillar	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	67	obj	_	_
70	at	at	ADP	IN	_	72	case	_	_
71	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	72	det	_	_
72	straits	strait	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	67	obl	_	_
73	of	of	ADP	IN	_	74	case	_	_
74	Gibraltar	Gibraltar	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	72	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
75	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	19	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **learn** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn learn-14-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **affirm** | present | the learned Salazar Mendoza | cardinal |  | Mendoza's history of the grand cardinal of Spain |  | as a established fact; however *property* | vn admire-31.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer it=Stimulus |
| 3 | **establish** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn indicate-78-1-1 «NP V NP to be NP»: agent=Pivot |
| 4 | **is** | past | cardinal |  |  | the rock by Tubal and the son of Japhet |  | grandson of Noah *conj*; first, wrought *property* | tree rules |
| 5 | **repair** | participle |  |  |  |  |  | afterwards *property* | vn remedy-45.7 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent |
| 6 | **augment** | participle |  | the Egyptian |  |  |  | by Hercules; greatly *property* | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent egyptian=Patient |
| 7 | **make** | past |  | cardinal |  |  |  | who *nsubj*; Mendoza's habitation *obj* | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP NP»: agent=Asset it=Beneficiary habitation=Product |
| 8 | **erect** | past · perfect | Mendoza | Mendoza's pillars |  | the straits of Gibraltar |  |  | vn build-26.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent pillar=Product |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington Irving, Project Gutenberg book 77685 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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