--- title: These hills abound with clefts and caverns; and the promontory itsel… — Legends of the conquest of Spain · tree and pragmatics description: These hills abound with clefts and caverns; and the promontory itself, on which the city is built, bears traces of vaults and subterraneous habitations, which are occasionally discovered under the ruins of ancient houses, or beneath the churches and convents. Who acts: hills. A sentence of «Legends --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg77685/21/5/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [tales](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/) / [Legends of the conquest of Spain](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg77685/) / [The Cave of Hercules.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg77685/21/) / 5 # Legends of the conquest of Spain, The Cave of Hercules., sentence 5 These hills abound with clefts and caverns; and the promontory itself, on which the city is built, bears traces of vaults and subterraneous habitations, which are occasionally discovered under the ruins of ancient houses, or beneath the churches and convents. **Who acts:** hills · **What happens:** abound, build, discover, ruin · **To what, where:** city, promontory, bears traces, ruins, ancient houses This is a sentence of «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington Irving, The Cave of Hercules.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (hills), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. **Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = book:pg77685:21:5 # text = These hills abound with clefts and caverns; and the promontory itself, on which the city is built, bears traces of vaults and subterraneous habitations, which are occasionally discovered under the ruins of ancient houses, or beneath the churches and convents. 1 These this DET DT Number=Plur|PronType=Dem 2 det _ _ 2 hills hill NOUN NNS Number=Plur 3 nsubj _ _ 3 abound abound VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ _ 4 with with ADP IN _ 5 case _ _ 5 clefts cleft NOUN NNS Number=Plur 3 obl _ _ 6 and and CCONJ CC _ 7 cc _ _ 7 caverns cavern NOUN NNS Number=Plur 5 conj _ SpaceAfter=No 8 ; ; PUNCT : _ 11 punct _ _ 9 and and CCONJ CC _ 11 cc _ _ 10 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 11 det _ _ 11 promontory promontory NOUN NN Number=Sing 3 parataxis _ _ 12 itself itself PRON PRP Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Emp|Reflex=Yes 11 nmod:unmarked _ SpaceAfter=No 13 , , PUNCT , _ 19 punct _ _ 14 on on ADP IN _ 15 case _ _ 15 which which PRON WDT PronType=Rel 19 obl _ _ 16 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 17 det _ _ 17 city city NOUN NN Number=Sing 19 nsubj:pass _ _ 18 is be AUX VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 19 aux:pass _ _ 19 built build VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 11 conj _ SpaceAfter=No 20 , , PUNCT , _ 22 punct _ _ 21 bears bear NOUN NNS Number=Plur 22 compound _ _ 22 traces trace NOUN NNS Number=Plur 11 conj _ _ 23 of of ADP IN _ 24 case _ _ 24 vaults vault NOUN NNS Number=Plur 22 nmod _ _ 25 and and CCONJ CC _ 27 cc _ _ 26 subterraneous subterraneous ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 27 amod _ _ 27 habitations habitation NOUN NNS Number=Plur 22 conj _ SpaceAfter=No 28 , , PUNCT , _ 32 punct _ _ 29 which which PRON WDT PronType=Rel 32 nsubj:pass _ _ 30 are be AUX VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 32 aux:pass _ _ 31 occasionally occasionally ADV RB _ 32 advmod _ _ 32 discovered discover VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 22 acl _ _ 33 under under ADP IN _ 35 case _ _ 34 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 35 det _ _ 35 ruins ruin NOUN NNS Number=Plur 32 obl _ _ 36 of of ADP IN _ 38 case _ _ 37 ancient ancient ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 38 amod _ _ 38 houses house NOUN NNS Number=Plur 35 nmod _ SpaceAfter=No 39 , , PUNCT , _ 43 punct _ _ 40 or or CCONJ CC _ 43 cc _ _ 41 beneath beneath ADP IN _ 43 case _ _ 42 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 43 det _ _ 43 churches church NOUN NNS Number=Plur 32 obl _ _ 44 and and CCONJ CC _ 45 cc _ _ 45 convents convent NOUN NNS Number=Plur 43 conj _ SpaceAfter=No 46 . . PUNCT . _ 3 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **abound** | present | this hills | | | | | with clefts and caverns; the promontory promontory and bears traces of vaults and subterraneous habitations *parataxis* | vn swarm-47.5.1-2 «NP.location V PP.theme»: agent=Location with cleft=Theme | | 2 | **build** | present · passive | | the city | | the promontory promontory and bears traces of vaults and subterraneous habitations | | | vn base-97.1 «NP V NP PP.source»: subject=Theme on which=Source | | 3 | **discover** | present · passive | | bears traces of vaults and subterraneous habitations | | the ruins of ancient houses | | beneath the churches and convents; occasionally *property* | vn discover-84-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Topic | | 4 | **ruin** | | | ancient houses | | | | | nom ruin «state transitive»: of=patient | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Text:** «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington Irving, Project Gutenberg book 77685 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order. - ← previous: [sentence 4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg77685/21/4/) - next →: [sentence 6](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg77685/21/6/) - ↑ back to [The Cave of Hercules.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg77685/21/)