--- title: These are supposed by some to have been the habitations or retreats… — Legends of the conquest of Spain · tree and pragmatics description: These are supposed by some to have been the habitations or retreats of the primitive inhabitants; for it was the custom of the ancients, according to Pliny, to make caves in high and rocky places, and live in them through fear of floods; and such a precaution, says the worthy Don Pedro de Roxas, in --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg77685/21/6/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [tales](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/) / [Legends of the conquest of Spain](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg77685/) / [The Cave of Hercules.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg77685/21/) / 6 # Legends of the conquest of Spain, The Cave of Hercules., sentence 6 These are supposed by some to have been the habitations or retreats of the primitive inhabitants; for it was the custom of the ancients, according to Pliny, to make caves in high and rocky places, and live in them through fear of floods; and such a precaution, says the worthy Don Pedro de Roxas, in his history of Toledo, was natural enough among the first Toledans, seeing that they founded their city shortly after the deluge, while the memory of it was still fresh in their minds. **Who acts:** some, city, precaution, habitations, memory · **What happens:** suppose, have, be, accord, make, live · **To what, where:** These, habitations, caves, high places, fear, city · **Speech:** someone speaks here This is a sentence of «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington Irving, The Cave of Hercules.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (some, city, precaution, habitations), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. **Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = book:pg77685:21:6 # text = These are supposed by some to have been the habitations or retreats of the primitive inhabitants; for it was the custom of the ancients, according to Pliny, to make caves in high and rocky places, and live in them through fear of floods; and such a precaution, says the worthy Don Pedro de Roxas, in his history of Toledo, was natural enough among the first Toledans, seeing that they founded their city shortly after the deluge, while the memory of it was still fresh in their minds. 1 These this PRON DT Number=Plur|PronType=Dem 3 nsubj:pass _ _ 2 are be AUX VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 3 aux:pass _ _ 3 supposed suppose VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 0 root _ _ 4 by by ADP IN _ 5 case _ _ 5 some some DET DT PronType=Ind 3 obl:agent _ _ 6 to to PART TO _ 7 mark _ _ 7 have have VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 3 xcomp _ _ 8 been be AUX VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part 10 cop _ _ 9 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 10 det _ _ 10 habitations habitation NOUN NNS Number=Plur 7 obj _ _ 11 or or CCONJ CC _ 12 cc _ _ 12 retreats retreat NOUN NNS Number=Plur 10 conj _ _ 13 of of ADP IN _ 16 case _ _ 14 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 16 det _ _ 15 primitive primitive ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 16 amod _ _ 16 inhabitants inhabitant NOUN NNS Number=Plur 12 nmod _ SpaceAfter=No 17 ; ; PUNCT : _ 22 punct _ _ 18 for for ADP IN _ 22 case _ _ 19 it it PRON PRP Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 22 nsubj _ _ 20 was be AUX VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 22 cop _ _ 21 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 22 det _ _ 22 custom custom NOUN NN Number=Sing 3 parataxis _ _ 23 of of ADP IN _ 25 case _ _ 24 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 25 det _ _ 25 ancients ancient NOUN NNS Number=Plur 22 nmod _ SpaceAfter=No 26 , , PUNCT , _ 29 punct _ _ 27 according accord VERB VBG ExtPos=ADP|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part 29 case _ _ 28 to to ADP IN _ 27 fixed _ _ 29 Pliny Pliny PROPN NNP Number=Sing 25 nmod _ SpaceAfter=No 30 , , PUNCT , _ 32 punct _ _ 31 to to PART TO _ 32 mark _ _ 32 make make VERB VB Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin 22 parataxis _ _ 33 caves cave NOUN NNS Number=Plur 32 obj _ _ 34 in in ADP IN _ 38 case _ _ 35 high high ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 38 amod _ _ 36 and and CCONJ CC _ 37 cc _ _ 37 rocky rocky ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 35 conj _ _ 38 places place NOUN NNS Number=Plur 32 obl _ SpaceAfter=No 39 , , PUNCT , _ 41 punct _ _ 40 and and CCONJ CC _ 41 cc _ _ 41 live live VERB VB Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin 32 conj _ _ 42 in in ADP IN _ 43 case _ _ 43 them they PRON PRP Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 41 obl _ _ 44 through through ADP IN _ 45 case _ _ 45 fear fear NOUN NN Number=Sing 41 obl _ _ 46 of of ADP IN _ 47 case _ _ 47 floods flood NOUN NNS Number=Plur 45 nmod _ SpaceAfter=No 48 ; ; PUNCT : _ 54 punct _ _ 49 and and CCONJ CC _ 54 cc _ _ 50 such such DET PDT PronType=Ind 52 det:predet _ _ 51 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 52 det _ _ 52 precaution precaution NOUN NN Number=Sing 54 nsubj _ SpaceAfter=No 53 , , PUNCT , _ 52 punct _ _ 54 says say VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 3 parataxis _ _ 55 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 57 det _ _ 56 worthy worthy ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 57 amod _ _ 57 Don Don PROPN NNP Number=Sing 54 nsubj _ _ 58 Pedro Pedro PROPN NNP Number=Sing 57 flat _ _ 59 de de PROPN NNP Number=Sing 58 flat _ _ 60 Roxas Roxas PROPN NNP Number=Sing 58 flat _ SpaceAfter=No 61 , , PUNCT , _ 64 punct _ _ 62 in in ADP IN _ 64 case _ _ 63 his his PRON PRP$ Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs 64 nmod:poss _ _ 64 history history NOUN NN Number=Sing 54 ccomp _ _ 65 of of ADP IN _ 66 case _ _ 66 Toledo Toledo PROPN NNP Number=Sing 64 nmod _ SpaceAfter=No 67 , , PUNCT , _ 69 punct _ _ 68 was be AUX VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 69 cop _ _ 69 natural natural ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 54 ccomp _ _ 70 enough enough ADV RB _ 69 advmod _ _ 71 among among ADP IN _ 74 case _ _ 72 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 74 det _ _ 73 first first ADJ JJ Degree=Pos|NumForm=Word|NumType=Ord 74 amod _ _ 74 Toledans Toledan PROPN NNPS Number=Plur 69 obl _ SpaceAfter=No 75 , , PUNCT , _ 76 punct _ _ 76 seeing see VERB VBG Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part 54 advcl _ _ 77 that that SCONJ IN _ 79 mark _ _ 78 they they PRON PRP Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 79 nsubj _ _ 79 founded found VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 76 ccomp _ _ 80 their their PRON PRP$ Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs 81 nmod:poss _ _ 81 city city NOUN NN Number=Sing 79 obj _ _ 82 shortly shortly ADV RB _ 79 advmod _ _ 83 after after ADP IN _ 85 case _ _ 84 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 85 det _ _ 85 deluge deluge NOUN NN Number=Sing 79 obl _ SpaceAfter=No 86 , , PUNCT , _ 94 punct _ _ 87 while while SCONJ IN _ 94 mark _ _ 88 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 89 det _ _ 89 memory memory NOUN NN Number=Sing 94 nsubj _ _ 90 of of ADP IN _ 91 case _ _ 91 it it PRON PRP Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 89 nmod _ _ 92 was be AUX VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 94 cop _ _ 93 still still ADV RB _ 94 advmod _ _ 94 fresh fresh ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 54 conj _ _ 95 in in ADP IN _ 97 case _ _ 96 their their PRON PRP$ Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs 97 nmod:poss _ _ 97 minds mind NOUN NNS Number=Plur 94 obl _ SpaceAfter=No 98 . . PUNCT . _ 3 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **suppose** | present · passive | some | These | | | | | vn consider-29.9-2 «NP V NP ADJ»: agent=Agent subject=Attribute clause=Theme | | 2 | **have** | to-infinitive | some *not said here* | | | | | | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent | | 3 | **is a** | participle | | the habitations or retreats of the primitive inhabitants | | | | retreats of the primitive inhabitants *conj* | tree rules | | 4 | **is** | past | city | | | | | for the custom; of the ancients accord Pliny | tree rules | | 5 | **accord** | gerund | | | | | | | vn future\_having-13.3 «NP V NP.theme (PP)»: agent=Agent | | 6 | **make** | to-infinitive | | caves | | high places | | | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset cave=Product | | 7 | **live** | infinitive | | | | fear of floods | | in habitations *= habitation* | vn lodge-46 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in they=Location | | 8 | **say** *speech: assert* | present | such precaution | | | | | the worthy Don *nsubj*; Don's history of Toledo *ccomp* | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent | | 9 | **is** | past | | | | | | among the first Toledans; enough, natural *property* | tree rules | | 10 | **see** | gerund | such precaution *not said here* | | | | | | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V S\_ING»: agent=Experiencer clause=Stimulus | | 11 | **found** | past | habitations *= habitation* | habitations's city | | | after the deluge | shortly *property* | vn establish-55.5-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent city=Patient | | 12 | **is** | past | the memory of city | | | habitations's minds | still | fresh *property* | tree rules | | 13 | **fear** | | | floods | | | | | nom fear «feeling transitive»: of=patient | | 14 | **mind** | | habitations *= habitation* | | | | | | nom mind «cognition transitive»: poss=agent | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Text:** «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington Irving, Project Gutenberg book 77685 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order. - ← previous: [sentence 5](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg77685/21/5/) - next →: [sentence 7](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg77685/21/7/) - ↑ back to [The Cave of Hercules.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg77685/21/)