---
title: If their pursuers gained upon them, they threw by their household go… — Legends of the conquest of Spain · tree and pragmatics
description: If their pursuers gained upon them, they threw by their household goods and whatever was of burden, and thought themselves fortunate to escape, naked and destitute, to a place of refuge. Who acts: pursuers, flocks. A sentence of «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington Irving, Chapter I., wi
---

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# Legends of the conquest of Spain, Chapter I., sentence 5

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If their pursuers gained upon them, they threw by their household goods and whatever was of burden, and thought themselves fortunate to escape, naked and destitute, to a place of refuge.

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**Who acts:** pursuers, flocks · **What happens:** gain, throw, be, think, escape, destitute · **To what, where:** flocks

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This is a sentence of «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington Irving, Chapter I.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (pursuers, flocks), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg77685:22:5
# text = If their pursuers gained upon them, they threw by their household goods and whatever was of burden, and thought themselves fortunate to escape, naked and destitute, to a place of refuge.
1	If	if	SCONJ	IN	_	4	mark	_	_
2	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	3	nmod:poss	_	_
3	pursuers	pursuer	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
4	gained	gain	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	9	advcl	_	_
5	upon	upon	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	4	punct	_	_
8	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	9	nsubj	_	_
9	threw	throw	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
10	by	by	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
11	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	13	nmod:poss	_	_
12	household	household	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	compound	_	_
13	goods	goods	NOUN	NNS	Number=Ptan	9	obl	_	_
14	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	18	cc	_	_
15	whatever	whatever	DET	WDT	PronType=Int	18	det:predet	_	_
16	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	18	cop	_	_
17	of	of	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
18	burden	burden	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	21	punct	_	_
20	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	21	cc	_	_
21	thought	think	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	9	conj	_	_
22	themselves	themselves	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs|Reflex=Yes	21	obj	_	_
23	fortunate	fortunate	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	21	xcomp	_	_
24	to	to	PART	TO	_	25	mark	_	_
25	escape	escape	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	23	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
26	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	27	punct	_	_
27	naked	naked	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	23	conj	_	_
28	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	29	cc	_	_
29	destitute	destitute	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	27	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
30	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	33	punct	_	_
31	to	to	ADP	IN	_	33	case	_	_
32	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	33	det	_	_
33	place	place	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	21	ccomp	_	_
34	of	of	ADP	IN	_	35	case	_	_
35	refuge	refuge	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	33	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
36	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	9	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **gain** *a condition, not said to happen* | past | flocks's pursuers |  |  |  |  | upon flocks *= flock* | vn calibratable\_cos-45.6.1-1 «NP.attribute V»: agent=Attribute |
| 2 | **throw** | past | flocks *= flock* |  |  |  |  | by flocks's household goods | vn throw-17.1-1-1 «NP V NP PP.destinations»: agent=Agent by goods=Destination |
| 3 | **is** | past | flocks *= flock* *not said here* |  |  |  |  | of whatever burden | tree rules |
| 4 | **think** *speech: other* | past | flocks *= flock* *not said here* | flocks *= flock* |  |  |  | a place of refuge *ccomp*; fortunate *property* | vn wish-62 «NP V NP»: agent=Pivot themselves=Theme |
| 5 | **escape** | to-infinitive | flocks *= flock* *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 6 | **destitute** | present | flocks *= flock* *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington Irving, Project Gutenberg book 77685 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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