---
title: To the east of the city he beheld a lofty chain of mountains, toweri… — Legends of the conquest of Spain · tree and pragmatics
description: To the east of the city he beheld a lofty chain of mountains, towering to the sky, and crowned with shining snow. Who acts: city. A sentence of «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington Irving, Capture of Granada.—subjugation of the Alpuxarra Mountains., with its dependency tree and the pragm
---

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# Legends of the conquest of Spain, Capture of Granada.—subjugation of the Alpuxarra Mountains., sentence 18

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To the east of the city he beheld a lofty chain of mountains, towering to the sky, and crowned with shining snow.

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**Who acts:** city · **What happens:** behold, tower, crown, shine · **To what, where:** lofty chain, snow

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This is a sentence of «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington Irving, Capture of Granada.—subjugation of the Alpuxarra Mountains.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (city), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg77685:23:18
# text = To the east of the city he beheld a lofty chain of mountains, towering to the sky, and crowned with shining snow.
1	To	to	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	east	east	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obl	_	_
4	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	city	city	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nmod	_	_
7	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	8	nsubj	_	_
8	beheld	behold	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
9	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
10	lofty	lofty	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
11	chain	chain	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	_
12	of	of	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
13	mountains	mountain	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
15	towering	tower	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	8	advcl	_	_
16	to	to	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
17	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	18	det	_	_
18	sky	sky	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	21	punct	_	_
20	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	21	cc	_	_
21	crowned	crown	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	8	conj	_	_
22	with	with	SCONJ	IN	_	23	mark	_	_
23	shining	shine	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	21	advcl	_	_
24	snow	snow	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	23	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
25	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **behold** | past | city | a lofty chain of mountains |  |  |  | to the east of the city | vn sight-30.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer chain=Stimulus |
| 2 | **tower** | gerund | city *not said here* |  |  |  |  | to the sky | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 3 | **crown** | participle | city *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn appoint-29.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 4 | **shine** | gerund | city *not said here* | snow |  |  |  |  | vn light\_emission-43.1 «NP V NP.theme»: agent=Agent snow=Theme |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington Irving, Project Gutenberg book 77685 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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