---
title: These were the “Mountains of the Sun and Air;” and the perpetual sno… — Legends of the conquest of Spain · tree and pragmatics
description: These were the “Mountains of the Sun and Air;” and the perpetual snows on their summits gave birth to streams that fertilised the plains. Who acts: perpetual, Mountains, streams. A sentence of «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington Irving, Capture of Granada.—subjugation of the Alpuxarra M
---

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# Legends of the conquest of Spain, Capture of Granada.—subjugation of the Alpuxarra Mountains., sentence 19

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These were the “Mountains of the Sun and Air;” and the perpetual snows on their summits gave birth to streams that fertilised the plains.

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**Who acts:** perpetual, Mountains, streams · **What happens:** be, snow, give, fertilis · **To what, where:** Mountains, summits, birth, streams, plains

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This is a sentence of «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington Irving, Capture of Granada.—subjugation of the Alpuxarra Mountains.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (perpetual, Mountains, streams), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg77685:23:19
# text = These were the “Mountains of the Sun and Air;” and the perpetual snows on their summits gave birth to streams that fertilised the plains.
1	These	this	DET	DT	Number=Plur|PronType=Dem	5	det	_	_
2	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	“	"	PUNCT	``	_	5	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	Mountains	Mountain	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	20	nsubj	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	Sun	Sun	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	_
9	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
10	Air	Air	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	8	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	5	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	”	"	PUNCT	''	_	5	punct	_	_
13	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	16	cc	_	_
14	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
15	perpetual	perpetual	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	nsubj	_	_
16	snows	snow	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	conj	_	_
17	on	on	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
18	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	19	nmod:poss	_	_
19	summits	summit	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	16	obl	_	_
20	gave	give	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
21	birth	birth	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	20	obj	_	_
22	to	to	ADP	IN	_	23	case	_	_
23	streams	stream	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	20	obl	_	_
24	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	25	nsubj	_	_
25	fertilised	fertilis	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	23	acl:relcl	_	_
26	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	27	det	_	_
27	plains	plain	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	25	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
28	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	20	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** *in a quote* | past |  | this Mountains |  |  |  | of the Sun and Air | tree rules |
| 2 | **snow** | present | the perpetual |  |  | mountains's summits |  |  | vn weather-57 «It V PP.theme» |
| 3 | **give** | past | this Mountains | birth | streams |  |  |  | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP PP.recipient»: agent=Agent birth=Theme to stream=Recipient |
| 4 | **fertilis** | past | streams | the plains |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington Irving, Project Gutenberg book 77685 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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