---
title: As the army advanced, the roads became more and more rugged and diff… — Legends of the conquest of Spain · tree and pragmatics
description: As the army advanced, the roads became more and more rugged and difficult; sometimes climbing great rocky heights, and at other times descending abruptly into deep ravines, the beds of winter torrents. Who acts: roads. A sentence of «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington Irving, Capture of
---

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# Legends of the conquest of Spain, Capture of Granada.—subjugation of the Alpuxarra Mountains., sentence 26

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As the army advanced, the roads became more and more rugged and difficult; sometimes climbing great rocky heights, and at other times descending abruptly into deep ravines, the beds of winter torrents.

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**Who acts:** roads · **What happens:** become, climb, descend · **To what, where:** great rocky heights, deep ravines

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This is a sentence of «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington Irving, Capture of Granada.—subjugation of the Alpuxarra Mountains.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (roads), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg77685:23:26
# text = As the army advanced, the roads became more and more rugged and difficult; sometimes climbing great rocky heights, and at other times descending abruptly into deep ravines, the beds of winter torrents.
1	As	as	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
3	army	army	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	compound	_	_
4	advanced	advanced	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	4	punct	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	roads	road	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	nsubj	_	_
8	became	become	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
9	more	more	ADV	RBR	Degree=Cmp	12	advmod	_	_
10	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	12	cc	_	_
11	more	more	ADV	RBR	Degree=Cmp	12	advmod	_	_
12	rugged	rugged	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	xcomp	_	_
13	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	14	cc	_	_
14	difficult	difficult	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	17	punct	_	_
16	sometimes	sometimes	ADV	RB	PronType=Ind	17	advmod	_	_
17	climbing	climb	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	8	advcl	_	_
18	great	great	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	20	amod	_	_
19	rocky	rocky	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	20	amod	_	_
20	heights	height	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	17	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	26	punct	_	_
22	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	26	cc	_	_
23	at	at	ADP	IN	_	25	case	_	_
24	other	other	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	25	amod	_	_
25	times	time	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	26	obl	_	_
26	descending	descend	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	17	conj	_	_
27	abruptly	abruptly	ADV	RB	_	26	advmod	_	_
28	into	into	ADP	IN	_	30	case	_	_
29	deep	deep	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	30	amod	_	_
30	ravines	ravine	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	26	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
31	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	33	punct	_	_
32	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	33	det	_	_
33	beds	bed	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	30	conj	_	_
34	of	of	ADP	IN	_	36	case	_	_
35	winter	winter	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	36	compound	_	_
36	torrents	torrent	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	33	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
37	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **become** | past | the roads |  |  |  |  | as the army advanced; rugged *property* | vn become-109.1-1-1 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Patient |
| 2 | **climb** | gerund | the roads *not said here* | great rocky heights |  |  |  | sometimes *property* | vn run-51.3.2 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Initial\_Location height=Theme |
| 3 | **descend** | gerund | the roads *not said here* |  |  | deep ravines and the beds of winter torrents | time | abruptly *property* | vn meander-47.7-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme into ravine=Location |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington Irving, Project Gutenberg book 77685 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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