---
title: It was a fearful and gloomy pass; great beetling cliffs overhung the… — Legends of the conquest of Spain · tree and pragmatics
description: It was a fearful and gloomy pass; great beetling cliffs overhung the road, and the torrent roared below. Who acts: bridge, great beetling cliffs, torrent. A sentence of «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington Irving, Capture of Granada.—subjugation of the Alpuxarra Mountains., with its depe
---

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# Legends of the conquest of Spain, Capture of Granada.—subjugation of the Alpuxarra Mountains., sentence 32

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It was a fearful and gloomy pass; great beetling cliffs overhung the road, and the torrent roared below.

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**Who acts:** bridge, great beetling cliffs, torrent · **What happens:** be, overhang, roar · **To what, where:** fearful pass, road

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This is a sentence of «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington Irving, Capture of Granada.—subjugation of the Alpuxarra Mountains.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (bridge, great beetling cliffs, torrent), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg77685:23:32
# text = It was a fearful and gloomy pass; great beetling cliffs overhung the road, and the torrent roared below.
1	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	7	nsubj	_	_
2	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
4	fearful	fearful	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
5	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	6	cc	_	_
6	gloomy	gloomy	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	conj	_	_
7	pass	pass	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	12	punct	_	_
9	great	great	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
10	beetling	beetling	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	compound	_	_
11	cliffs	cliff	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	12	nsubj	_	_
12	overhung	overhang	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	7	conj	_	_
13	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
14	road	road	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	19	punct	_	_
16	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	19	cc	_	_
17	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	18	det	_	_
18	torrent	torrent	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	19	nsubj	_	_
19	roared	roar	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	12	conj	_	_
20	below	below	ADV	RB	_	19	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | past | bridge | a fearful pass |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **overhang** | past | great beetling cliffs | the road |  |  |  |  | vn contiguous\_location-47.8 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme road=Co-Theme |
| 3 | **roar** | past | the torrent |  |  |  |  | below *property* | vn sound\_emission-43.2 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington Irving, Project Gutenberg book 77685 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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