---
title: Darts, arrows, javelins, and stones, came whistling down, singling o… — Legends of the conquest of Spain · tree and pragmatics
description: Darts, arrows, javelins, and stones, came whistling down, singling out the most conspicuous cavaliers; and at times great masses of rock, bounding and thundering along the mountain side, crushed whole ranks at once, or hurled horses and riders over the edge of the precipices. Who acts: Darts. A sent
---

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# Legends of the conquest of Spain, Capture of Granada.—subjugation of the Alpuxarra Mountains., sentence 36

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Darts, arrows, javelins, and stones, came whistling down, singling out the most conspicuous cavaliers; and at times great masses of rock, bounding and thundering along the mountain side, crushed whole ranks at once, or hurled horses and riders over the edge of the precipices.

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**Who acts:** Darts · **What happens:** come, whistle down, single out, bound, thunder, crush · **To what, where:** great masses, conspicuous cavaliers, mountain side, whole ranks, horses, edge

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This is a sentence of «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington Irving, Capture of Granada.—subjugation of the Alpuxarra Mountains.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Darts), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg77685:23:36
# text = Darts, arrows, javelins, and stones, came whistling down, singling out the most conspicuous cavaliers; and at times great masses of rock, bounding and thundering along the mountain side, crushed whole ranks at once, or hurled horses and riders over the edge of the precipices.
1	Darts	dart	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	3	punct	_	_
3	arrows	arrow	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
5	javelins	javelin	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
7	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
8	stones	stone	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	1	punct	_	_
10	came	come	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
11	whistling	whistle	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	10	xcomp	_	_
12	down	down	ADP	RP	_	11	compound:prt	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
14	singling	single	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	11	conj	_	_
15	out	out	ADP	RP	_	14	compound:prt	_	_
16	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	19	det	_	_
17	most	most	ADV	RBS	Degree=Sup	18	advmod	_	_
18	conspicuous	conspicuous	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	19	amod	_	_
19	cavaliers	cavalier	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	14	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	25	punct	_	_
21	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	25	cc	_	_
22	at	at	ADP	IN	_	23	case	_	_
23	times	time	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	25	obl	_	_
24	great	great	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	25	amod	_	_
25	masses	mass	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	obl	_	_
26	of	of	ADP	IN	_	27	case	_	_
27	rock	rock	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	25	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
28	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	29	punct	_	_
29	bounding	bound	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	25	conj	_	_
30	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	31	cc	_	_
31	thundering	thunder	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	29	conj	_	_
32	along	along	ADP	IN	_	35	case	_	_
33	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	35	det	_	_
34	mountain	mountain	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	35	compound	_	_
35	side	side	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	31	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
36	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	37	punct	_	_
37	crushed	crush	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	10	parataxis	_	_
38	whole	whole	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	39	amod	_	_
39	ranks	rank	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	37	obj	_	_
40	at	at	ADP	IN	_	41	case	_	_
41	once	once	ADV	RB	NumForm=Word|NumType=Mult	37	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
42	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	44	punct	_	_
43	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	44	cc	_	_
44	hurled	hurl	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	37	conj	_	_
45	horses	horse	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	44	obj	_	_
46	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	47	cc	_	_
47	riders	rider	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	45	conj	_	_
48	over	over	ADP	IN	_	50	case	_	_
49	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	50	det	_	_
50	edge	edge	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	44	obl	_	_
51	of	of	ADP	IN	_	53	case	_	_
52	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	53	det	_	_
53	precipices	precipice	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	50	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
54	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	10	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **come** | past | Darts and arrows and javelins and stones | great masses at times of rock |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **whistle down** | gerund | Darts and arrows and javelins and stones *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn manner\_speaking-37.3 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **single out** | gerund | Darts and arrows and javelins and stones *not said here* | the conspicuous cavaliers |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 4 | **bound** | gerund | Darts and arrows and javelins and stones *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn run-51.3.2 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 5 | **thunder** | gerund | Darts and arrows and javelins and stones *not said here* |  |  | the mountain side |  |  | vn sound\_emission-43.2 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme along side=Location |
| 6 | **crush** | past |  | whole ranks |  |  |  |  | vn carve-21.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent rank=Patient |
| 7 | **hurl** | participle |  | horses and riders |  | the edge of the precipices |  |  | vn throw-17.1-1 «NP V NP PP.destinations»: agent=Agent horse=Theme over edge=Destination |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington Irving, Project Gutenberg book 77685 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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