---
title: The brave mountaineers, thus hemmed in between two armies, destitute… — Legends of the conquest of Spain · tree and pragmatics
description: The brave mountaineers, thus hemmed in between two armies, destitute of fortresses and without hope of succour, were obliged to capitulate; but their valour was not without avail, for never, even in Spain, did vanquished people surrender on prouder or more honourable terms. Who acts: brave mountaine
---

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# Legends of the conquest of Spain, Capture of Granada.—subjugation of the Alpuxarra Mountains., sentence 48

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The brave mountaineers, thus hemmed in between two armies, destitute of fortresses and without hope of succour, were obliged to capitulate; but their valour was not without avail, for never, even in Spain, did vanquished people surrender on prouder or more honourable terms.

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**Who acts:** brave mountaineers, valour, Spain, people, succour · **What happens:** hem, destitute, oblige, capitulate, not be, vanquish · **To what, where:** brave mountaineers, prouder honourable terms

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This is a sentence of «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington Irving, Capture of Granada.—subjugation of the Alpuxarra Mountains.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (brave mountaineers, valour, Spain, people), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg77685:23:48
# text = The brave mountaineers, thus hemmed in between two armies, destitute of fortresses and without hope of succour, were obliged to capitulate; but their valour was not without avail, for never, even in Spain, did vanquished people surrender on prouder or more honourable terms.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	brave	brave	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	mountaineers	mountaineer	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	12	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	6	punct	_	_
5	thus	thus	ADV	RB	_	6	advmod	_	_
6	hemmed	hem	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	3	acl	_	_
7	in	in	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
8	between	between	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	two	two	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	10	nummod	_	_
10	armies	army	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
12	destitute	destitute	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
13	of	of	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
14	fortresses	fortress	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	22	obl	_	_
15	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	17	cc	_	_
16	without	without	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
17	hope	hope	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	conj	_	_
18	of	of	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
19	succour	succour	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
21	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	22	aux:pass	_	_
22	obliged	oblige	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	12	parataxis	_	_
23	to	to	PART	TO	_	24	mark	_	_
24	capitulate	capitulate	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	22	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
25	;	;	PUNCT	,	_	32	punct	_	_
26	but	but	CCONJ	CC	_	32	cc	_	_
27	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	28	nmod:poss	_	_
28	valour	valour	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	32	nsubj	_	_
29	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	32	cop	_	_
30	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	32	advmod	_	_
31	without	without	ADP	IN	_	32	case	_	_
32	avail	avail	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
33	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	42	punct	_	_
34	for	for	ADP	IN	_	35	case	_	_
35	never	never	ADV	RB	PronType=Neg	42	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
36	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	39	punct	_	_
37	even	even	ADV	RB	_	39	advmod	_	_
38	in	in	ADP	IN	_	39	case	_	_
39	Spain	Spain	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	42	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
40	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	39	punct	_	_
41	did	do	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	42	aux	_	_
42	vanquished	vanquish	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	12	conj	_	_
43	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	44	nsubj	_	_
44	surrender	surrender	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	42	ccomp	_	_
45	on	on	ADP	IN	_	50	case	_	_
46	prouder	proud	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	50	amod	_	_
47	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	48	cc	_	_
48	more	more	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	46	conj	_	_
49	honourable	honourable	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	50	amod	_	_
50	terms	term	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	44	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
51	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	12	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **hem** | participle |  | the brave mountaineers *not said here* |  |  |  | in two armies; thus *property* | vn nonverbal\_expression-40.2 «NP V PP.theme»: agent=Agent in army=Theme |
| 2 | **destitute** | present | the brave mountaineers |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **oblige** | past · passive |  |  |  |  |  | of fortresses and hope of succour | vn compel-59.1-1 «NP V NP S\_INF»: clause=Result |
| 4 | **capitulate** | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn acquiesce-95.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 5 | **not** **is** | past | mountaineers's valour |  |  |  |  | without avail | tree rules |
| 6 | **vanquish** | past · do-support | Spain |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 7 | **surrender** | present | people |  |  | prouder honourable terms |  |  | vn contribute-13.2-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 8 | **hope** |  | succour |  |  |  |  |  | nom hope «feeling intransitive»: of=agent |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington Irving, Project Gutenberg book 77685 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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