---
title: Enough remained, however, to have made a formidable defence; and, as… — Legends of the conquest of Spain · tree and pragmatics
description: Enough remained, however, to have made a formidable defence; and, as the city was seated on a lofty rock, surrounded by massive walls and towers, and almost girdled by the Tagus, it threatened a long resistance. Who acts: CITY. A sentence of «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington Irving, C
---

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# Legends of the conquest of Spain, Chapter VI., sentence 4

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Enough remained, however, to have made a formidable defence; and, as the city was seated on a lofty rock, surrounded by massive walls and towers, and almost girdled by the Tagus, it threatened a long resistance.

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**Who acts:** CITY · **What happens:** remain, make, seat, surround, girdle, threaten · **To what, where:** formidable defence, city, lofty rock, long resistance

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This is a sentence of «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington Irving, Chapter VI.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (CITY), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg77685:27:4
# text = Enough remained, however, to have made a formidable defence; and, as the city was seated on a lofty rock, surrounded by massive walls and towers, and almost girdled by the Tagus, it threatened a long resistance.
1	Enough	enough	ADV	RB	_	2	advmod	_	_
2	remained	remain	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
4	however	however	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
6	to	to	PART	TO	_	8	mark	_	_
7	have	have	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	8	aux	_	_
8	made	make	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	2	parataxis	_	_
9	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
10	formidable	formidable	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
11	defence	defence	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	40	punct	_	_
13	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	40	cc	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
15	as	as	SCONJ	IN	_	19	mark	_	_
16	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	17	det	_	_
17	city	city	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	19	nsubj:pass	_	_
18	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	19	aux:pass	_	_
19	seated	seat	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	40	advcl	_	_
20	on	on	ADP	IN	_	23	case	_	_
21	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	23	det	_	_
22	lofty	lofty	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	23	amod	_	_
23	rock	rock	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	19	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	25	punct	_	_
25	surrounded	surround	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	19	conj	_	_
26	by	by	ADP	IN	_	28	case	_	_
27	massive	massive	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	28	amod	_	_
28	walls	wall	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	25	obl	_	_
29	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	30	cc	_	_
30	towers	tower	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	28	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
31	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	34	punct	_	_
32	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	34	cc	_	_
33	almost	almost	ADV	RB	_	34	advmod	_	_
34	girdled	girdle	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	19	conj	_	_
35	by	by	ADP	IN	_	37	case	_	_
36	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	37	det	_	_
37	Tagus	Tagus	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	34	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
38	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	19	punct	_	_
39	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	40	nsubj	_	_
40	threatened	threaten	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	conj	_	_
41	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	43	det	_	_
42	long	long	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	43	amod	_	_
43	resistance	resistance	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	40	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
44	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **remain** | participle |  |  |  |  |  | enough *property* | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **make** | to-infinitive · perfect |  | a formidable defence |  |  |  | however *property* | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset defence=Product |
| 3 | **seat** | past · passive |  | the city |  | a lofty rock |  |  | vn fit-54.3 «NP.location V NP»: subject=Value |
| 4 | **surround** | participle |  |  |  |  |  | by massive walls and towers | vn contiguous\_location-47.8 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme |
| 5 | **girdle** | participle |  |  |  |  |  | by the Tagus; almost *property* | tree rules |
| 6 | **threaten** | past | CITY | a long resistance |  |  |  |  | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Stimulus resistance=Experiencer |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington Irving, Project Gutenberg book 77685 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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- ↑ back to [Chapter VI.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg77685/27/)