---
title: Shortly after the Arabs had encamped before their walls, a band of c… — Legends of the conquest of Spain · tree and pragmatics
description: Shortly after the Arabs had encamped before their walls, a band of cavaliers made a sudden sally one morning before the break of day, fell upon the enemy by surprise, killed above three hundred of them in their tents, and effected their retreat into the city; leaving twenty of their number dead, cov
---

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# Legends of the conquest of Spain, Muza Ben Nozier.—his Entrance Into Spain, and Capture of Carmona., sentence 14

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Shortly after the Arabs had encamped before their walls, a band of cavaliers made a sudden sally one morning before the break of day, fell upon the enemy by surprise, killed above three hundred of them in their tents, and effected their retreat into the city; leaving twenty of their number dead, covered with honourable wounds, and in the very centre of the camp.

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**Who acts:** Arabs, band, surprise · **What happens:** encamp, make, fall, kill, affect, leave · **To what, where:** sudden sally, centre, enemy, three hundred, tents, retreat

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This is a sentence of «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington Irving, Muza Ben Nozier.—his Entrance Into Spain, and Capture of Carmona.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Arabs, band, surprise), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

<!-- .note-en -->
**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg77685:28:14
# text = Shortly after the Arabs had encamped before their walls, a band of cavaliers made a sudden sally one morning before the break of day, fell upon the enemy by surprise, killed above three hundred of them in their tents, and effected their retreat into the city; leaving twenty of their number dead, covered with honourable wounds, and in the very centre of the camp.
1	Shortly	shortly	ADV	RB	_	6	advmod	_	_
2	after	after	SCONJ	IN	_	6	mark	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	Arabs	Arab	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	6	nsubj	_	_
5	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	6	aux	_	_
6	encamped	encamp	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	15	advcl	_	_
7	before	before	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	9	nmod:poss	_	_
9	walls	wall	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	6	punct	_	_
11	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	band	band	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	nsubj	_	_
13	of	of	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
14	cavaliers	cavalier	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	12	nmod	_	_
15	made	make	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
16	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	18	det	_	_
17	sudden	sudden	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	18	amod	_	_
18	sally	sally	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	obj	_	_
19	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	20	nummod	_	_
20	morning	morning	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	nmod:unmarked	_	_
21	before	before	ADP	IN	_	23	case	_	_
22	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	23	det	_	_
23	break	break	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	obl	_	_
24	of	of	ADP	IN	_	25	case	_	_
25	day	day	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	23	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
26	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	27	punct	_	_
27	fell	fall	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	15	conj	_	_
28	upon	upon	ADP	IN	_	30	case	_	_
29	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	30	det	_	_
30	enemy	enemy	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	27	obl	_	_
31	by	by	ADP	IN	_	32	case	_	_
32	surprise	surprise	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	27	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
33	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	34	punct	_	_
34	killed	kill	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	32	acl	_	_
35	above	above	ADV	RB	_	37	advmod	_	_
36	three	three	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	37	compound	_	_
37	hundred	hundred	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	34	obj	_	_
38	of	of	ADP	IN	_	39	case	_	_
39	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	37	nmod	_	_
40	in	in	ADP	IN	_	42	case	_	_
41	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	42	nmod:poss	_	_
42	tents	tent	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	37	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
43	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	45	punct	_	_
44	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	45	cc	_	_
45	effected	affect	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	15	conj	_	_
46	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	47	nmod:poss	_	_
47	retreat	retreat	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	45	obj	_	_
48	into	into	ADP	IN	_	50	case	_	_
49	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	50	det	_	_
50	city	city	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	45	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
51	;	;	PUNCT	,	_	52	punct	_	_
52	leaving	leave	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	15	advcl	_	_
53	twenty	twenty	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	57	compound	_	_
54	of	of	ADP	IN	_	56	case	_	_
55	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	56	nmod:poss	_	_
56	number	number	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	53	nmod	_	_
57	dead	dead	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	52	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
58	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	59	punct	_	_
59	covered	cover	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	52	advcl	_	_
60	with	with	ADP	IN	_	62	case	_	_
61	honourable	honourable	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	62	amod	_	_
62	wounds	wound	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	59	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
63	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	68	punct	_	_
64	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	68	cc	_	_
65	in	in	ADP	IN	_	68	case	_	_
66	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	68	det	_	_
67	very	very	ADV	RB	_	68	advmod	_	_
68	centre	centre	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	obl	_	_
69	of	of	ADP	IN	_	71	case	_	_
70	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	71	det	_	_
71	camp	camp	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	68	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
72	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	15	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **encamp** | past · perfect | the Arabs |  |  |  | before Arabs's walls | shortly *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **make** | past | a band of cavaliers | a sudden sally  one morning |  | the centre of the camp | before the break of day |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset sally=Product |
| 3 | **fall** | past | a band of cavaliers *not said here* |  |  | the enemy |  | by surprise | vn occur-48.3 «NP V PP»: agent=Theme upon enemy=Location |
| 4 | **kill** | participle | surprise *not said here* | three hundred of Arabs |  | Arabs's tents |  |  | vn remove-10.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent hundred=Theme |
| 5 | **affect** | past | a band of cavaliers *not said here* | Arabs's retreat |  | the city |  |  | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Stimulus retreat=Experiencer |
| 6 | **leave** | gerund | a band of cavaliers *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 7 | **cover** | participle | a band of cavaliers *not said here* |  |  |  |  | with honourable wounds | vn fill-9.8-1 «NP V NP PP.theme»: agent=Agent with wound=Theme |
| 8 | **break** |  |  | day |  |  |  |  | nom break «event transitive»: of=patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington Irving, Project Gutenberg book 77685 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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