---
title: He instructed himself in the use of arms; became adroit and vigorous… — Legends of the conquest of Spain · tree and pragmatics
description: He instructed himself in the use of arms; became adroit and vigorous by varied exercises; learned to despise all danger; and inured himself to hunger and watchfulness, and the rigour of the seasons. Who acts: arm. A sentence of «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington Irving, The Rise of Don
---

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# Legends of the conquest of Spain, The Rise of Don Roderick.—his Government., sentence 4

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He instructed himself in the use of arms; became adroit and vigorous by varied exercises; learned to despise all danger; and inured himself to hunger and watchfulness, and the rigour of the seasons.

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**Who acts:** arm · **What happens:** instruct, become, learn, despise, inure, use · **To what, where:** arm, use, rigour, danger, arms

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This is a sentence of «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington Irving, The Rise of Don Roderick.—his Government.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (arm), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg77685:3:4
# text = He instructed himself in the use of arms; became adroit and vigorous by varied exercises; learned to despise all danger; and inured himself to hunger and watchfulness, and the rigour of the seasons.
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	instructed	instruct	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	himself	himself	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs|Reflex=Yes	2	obj	_	_
4	in	in	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	use	use	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	arms	arm	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	10	punct	_	_
10	became	become	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	conj	_	_
11	adroit	adroit	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	xcomp	_	_
12	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	13	cc	_	_
13	vigorous	vigorous	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	conj	_	_
14	by	by	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
15	varied	varied	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	16	amod	_	_
16	exercises	exercise	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	18	punct	_	_
18	learned	learn	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	10	conj	_	_
19	to	to	PART	TO	_	20	mark	_	_
20	despise	despise	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	18	xcomp	_	_
21	all	all	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	22	det	_	_
22	danger	danger	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	20	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	;	;	PUNCT	,	_	25	punct	_	_
24	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	25	cc	_	_
25	inured	inure	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	10	conj	_	_
26	himself	himself	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs|Reflex=Yes	25	obj	_	_
27	to	to	ADP	IN	_	28	case	_	_
28	hunger	hunger	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	25	obl	_	_
29	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	30	cc	_	_
30	watchfulness	watchfulness	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	28	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
31	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	34	punct	_	_
32	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	34	cc	_	_
33	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	34	det	_	_
34	rigour	rigour	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	xcomp	_	_
35	of	of	ADP	IN	_	37	case	_	_
36	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	37	det	_	_
37	seasons	season	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	34	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
38	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **instruct** *speech: other* | past | arm | arm |  | the use of arms |  |  | vn advise-37.9-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent himself=Recipient |
| 2 | **become** | past | arm *not said here* | the rigour of the seasons |  |  |  | adroit *property* | vn become-109.1-1-1 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Patient |
| 3 | **learn** | participle | arm *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn learn-14-2-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 4 | **despise** | to-infinitive | arm *not said here* | all danger |  |  |  |  | vn admire-31.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer danger=Stimulus |
| 5 | **inure** | past | arm *not said here* | arm |  |  |  | to hunger and watchfulness | tree rules |
| 6 | **use** |  |  | arms |  |  |  |  | nom use «act transitive»: of=patient |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington Irving, Project Gutenberg book 77685 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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