---
title: He had passed the previous night without sleep, and had been all day… — Legends of the conquest of Spain · tree and pragmatics
description: He had passed the previous night without sleep, and had been all day in the field: he was exhausted, therefore, by watchfulness and fatigue; and his garments were covered with dust. Who acts: Muza. A sentence of «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington Irving, Muza Besieges the City of Merid
---

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# Legends of the conquest of Spain, Muza Besieges the City of Merida., sentence 48

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He had passed the previous night without sleep, and had been all day in the field: he was exhausted, therefore, by watchfulness and fatigue; and his garments were covered with dust.

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**Who acts:** Muza · **What happens:** pass, be, exhaust, cover · **To what, where:** day, field, Muza, garments

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This is a sentence of «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington Irving, Muza Besieges the City of Merida.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Muza), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg77685:30:48
# text = He had passed the previous night without sleep, and had been all day in the field: he was exhausted, therefore, by watchfulness and fatigue; and his garments were covered with dust.
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
2	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	_
3	passed	pass	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	previous	previous	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	night	night	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl:unmarked	_	_
7	without	without	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	sleep	sleep	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
10	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	14	cc	_	_
11	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	14	aux	_	_
12	been	be	AUX	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	14	cop	_	_
13	all	all	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	14	det	_	_
14	day	day	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	parataxis	_	_
15	in	in	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
16	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	17	det	_	_
17	field	field	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	21	punct	_	_
19	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	21	nsubj	_	_
20	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	21	aux:pass	_	_
21	exhausted	exhaust	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	3	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	23	punct	_	_
23	therefore	therefore	ADV	RB	_	21	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	26	punct	_	_
25	by	by	ADP	IN	_	26	case	_	_
26	watchfulness	watchfulness	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	21	parataxis	_	_
27	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	28	cc	_	_
28	fatigue	fatigue	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	26	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
29	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	34	punct	_	_
30	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	34	cc	_	_
31	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	32	nmod:poss	_	_
32	garments	garment	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	34	nsubj:pass	_	_
33	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	34	aux:pass	_	_
34	covered	cover	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	3	conj	_	_
35	with	with	ADP	IN	_	36	case	_	_
36	dust	dust	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	34	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
37	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **pass** | past · perfect | Muza |  |  |  | night | without sleep | vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **is a** | past · perfect |  | all day |  | the field |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **exhaust** | past · passive |  | Muza |  |  |  | watchfulness and fatigue *parataxis*; therefore *property* | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: subject=Experiencer |
| 4 | **cover** | past · passive |  | Muza's garments |  |  |  | with dust | vn fill-9.8-1 «NP V NP PP.theme»: subject=Destination with dust=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington Irving, Project Gutenberg book 77685 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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