---
title: During the siege of Merida, the Christian troops which had taken ref… — Legends of the conquest of Spain · tree and pragmatics
description: During the siege of Merida, the Christian troops which had taken refuge at Beja had reinforced themselves from Penaflor, and, suddenly returning, had presented themselves before the gates of the city of Seville. Who acts: Beja, returning. A sentence of «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washingto
---

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# Legends of the conquest of Spain, Expedition of Abdalasis Against Seville and the “land of Tadmir.”, sentence 14

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During the siege of Merida, the Christian troops which had taken refuge at Beja had reinforced themselves from Penaflor, and, suddenly returning, had presented themselves before the gates of the city of Seville.

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**Who acts:** Beja, returning · **What happens:** take, reinforce, return, present · **To what, where:** Christian troops, troops, Penaflor

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This is a sentence of «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington Irving, Expedition of Abdalasis Against Seville and the “land of Tadmir.”. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Beja, returning), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg77685:31:14
# text = During the siege of Merida, the Christian troops which had taken refuge at Beja had reinforced themselves from Penaflor, and, suddenly returning, had presented themselves before the gates of the city of Seville.
1	During	during	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	siege	siege	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	obl	_	_
4	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	Merida	Merida	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	3	punct	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
8	Christian	Christian	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	troops	troops	NOUN	NNS	Number=Ptan	12	nsubj:pass	_	_
10	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	11	nsubj	_	_
11	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	12	aux	_	_
12	taken	take	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
13	refuge	refuge	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	obj	_	_
14	at	at	SCONJ	IN	_	17	mark	_	_
15	Beja	Beja	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	17	nsubj	_	_
16	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	17	aux	_	_
17	reinforced	reinforce	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	12	advcl	_	_
18	themselves	themselves	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs|Reflex=Yes	17	obj	_	_
19	from	from	ADP	IN	_	20	case	_	_
20	Penaflor	Penaflor	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	17	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	28	punct	_	_
22	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	28	cc	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	22	punct	_	_
24	suddenly	suddenly	ADV	RB	_	25	advmod	_	_
25	returning	return	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	28	csubj:pass	_	SpaceAfter=No
26	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	25	punct	_	_
27	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	28	aux	_	_
28	presented	present	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	12	conj	_	_
29	themselves	themselves	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs|Reflex=Yes	28	obj	_	_
30	before	before	ADP	IN	_	32	case	_	_
31	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	32	det	_	_
32	gates	gate	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	28	obl	_	_
33	of	of	ADP	IN	_	35	case	_	_
34	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	35	det	_	_
35	city	city	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	32	nmod	_	_
36	of	of	ADP	IN	_	37	case	_	_
37	Seville	Seville	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	35	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
38	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	12	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **take** | past · perfect · passive |  | the Christian troops |  |  | during the siege of Merida | refuge *obj* | vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP ADVP»: subject=Theme refuge=Destination |
| 2 | **reinforce** | past · perfect | Beja | troops |  | Penaflor |  |  | vn support-15.3-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Pivot themselves=Theme |
| 3 | **return** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  | suddenly *property* | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 4 | **present** | past · perfect | returning | troops |  |  | before the gates of the city of Seville |  | vn fulfilling-13.4.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent themselves=Theme |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington Irving, Project Gutenberg book 77685 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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