--- title: He had experienced the folly of opposing the Arabs in open field, wh… — Legends of the conquest of Spain · tree and pragmatics description: He had experienced the folly of opposing the Arabs in open field, where their cavalry and armour gave them such superiority; on their approach, therefore, he assembled all his people capable of bearing arms, and took possession of the cliffs and mountain passes. Who acts: Theodomir, folly, cavalry. --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg77685/31/38/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [tales](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/) / [Legends of the conquest of Spain](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg77685/) / [Expedition of Abdalasis Against Sevill…](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg77685/31/) / 38 # Legends of the conquest of Spain, Expedition of Abdalasis Against Seville and the “land of Tadmir.”, sentence 38 He had experienced the folly of opposing the Arabs in open field, where their cavalry and armour gave them such superiority; on their approach, therefore, he assembled all his people capable of bearing arms, and took possession of the cliffs and mountain passes. **Who acts:** Theodomir, folly, cavalry · **What happens:** experience, oppose, give, assemble, take, approach · **To what, where:** folly, Arabs, open field, such superiority, people, possession This is a sentence of «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington Irving, Expedition of Abdalasis Against Seville and the “land of Tadmir.”. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Theodomir, folly, cavalry), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. **Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = book:pg77685:31:38 # text = He had experienced the folly of opposing the Arabs in open field, where their cavalry and armour gave them such superiority; on their approach, therefore, he assembled all his people capable of bearing arms, and took possession of the cliffs and mountain passes. 1 He he PRON PRP Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 3 nsubj _ _ 2 had have AUX VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 3 aux _ _ 3 experienced experience VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part 0 root _ _ 4 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 5 det _ _ 5 folly folly NOUN NN Number=Sing 3 obj _ _ 6 of of SCONJ IN _ 7 mark _ _ 7 opposing oppose VERB VBG VerbForm=Ger 5 acl _ _ 8 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 9 det _ _ 9 Arabs Arab PROPN NNPS Number=Plur 7 obj _ _ 10 in in ADP IN _ 12 case _ _ 11 open open ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 12 amod _ _ 12 field field NOUN NN Number=Sing 7 obl _ SpaceAfter=No 13 , , PUNCT , _ 19 punct _ _ 14 where where ADV WRB PronType=Rel 19 advmod _ _ 15 their their PRON PRP$ Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs 16 nmod:poss _ _ 16 cavalry cavalry NOUN NN Number=Sing 19 nsubj _ _ 17 and and CCONJ CC _ 18 cc _ _ 18 armour armour NOUN NN Number=Sing 16 conj _ _ 19 gave give VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 12 acl:relcl _ _ 20 them they PRON PRP Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 19 iobj _ _ 21 such such ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 22 amod _ _ 22 superiority superiority NOUN NN Number=Sing 19 obj _ SpaceAfter=No 23 ; ; PUNCT : _ 26 punct _ _ 24 on on ADP IN _ 26 case _ _ 25 their their PRON PRP$ Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs 26 nmod:poss _ _ 26 approach approach NOUN NN Number=Sing 3 parataxis _ SpaceAfter=No 27 , , PUNCT , _ 26 punct _ _ 28 therefore therefore ADV RB _ 3 advmod _ SpaceAfter=No 29 , , PUNCT , _ 31 punct _ _ 30 he he PRON PRP Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 31 nsubj _ _ 31 assembled assemble VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 3 parataxis _ _ 32 all all DET PDT PronType=Tot 34 det:predet _ _ 33 his his PRON PRP$ Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs 34 nmod:poss _ _ 34 people people NOUN NNS Number=Plur 31 obj _ _ 35 capable capable ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 31 xcomp _ _ 36 of of ADP IN _ 38 case _ _ 37 bearing bearing NOUN NN Number=Sing 38 compound _ _ 38 arms arm NOUN NNS Number=Plur 35 obl _ SpaceAfter=No 39 , , PUNCT , _ 41 punct _ _ 40 and and CCONJ CC _ 41 cc _ _ 41 took take VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 31 conj _ _ 42 possession possession NOUN NN Number=Sing 41 obj _ _ 43 of of ADP IN _ 45 case _ _ 44 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 45 det _ _ 45 cliffs cliff NOUN NNS Number=Plur 42 nmod _ _ 46 and and CCONJ CC _ 48 cc _ _ 47 mountain mountain NOUN NN Number=Sing 48 compound _ _ 48 passes pass NOUN NNS Number=Plur 45 conj _ SpaceAfter=No 49 . . PUNCT . _ 3 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **experience** | past · perfect | Theodomir | the folly | | | | cavalry's approach *parataxis*; therefore *property* | vn sight-30.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer folly=Stimulus | | 2 | **oppose** | gerund | the folly *not said here* | the Arabs | | open field | | | vn amalgamate-22.2-3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent arab=Patient | | 3 | **give** | past | Arabs's cavalry and armour | such superiority | Arabs *= arab* | | | | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP-Dative NP»: agent=Agent they=Recipient superiority=Theme | | 4 | **assemble** | past | Theodomir | Theodomir's people | | | | capable *property* | vn herd-47.5.2 «NP V NP.theme»: agent=Agent people=Theme | | 5 | **take** | past | Theodomir *not said here* | possession of the cliffs and mountain passes | | | | | vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent possession=Theme | | 6 | **approach** | | cavalry | | | | | | nom approach «act intransitive»: poss=agent | | 7 | **possess** | | | the cliffs and mountain passes | | | | | nom possession «act transitive»: of=patient | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Text:** «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington Irving, Project Gutenberg book 77685 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order. - ← previous: [sentence 37](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg77685/31/37/) - next →: [sentence 39](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg77685/31/39/) - ↑ back to [Expedition of Abdalasis Against Seville and the “land of Tadmir.”](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg77685/31/)