---
title: Each horseman, beside his arms, carried a small sack of provisions,… — Legends of the conquest of Spain · tree and pragmatics
description: Each horseman, beside his arms, carried a small sack of provisions, a copper vessel in which to cook them, and a skin which served him for surcoat and for bed. Who acts: horseman, skin. A sentence of «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington Irving, Chapter XII., with its dependency tree and 
---

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# Legends of the conquest of Spain, Chapter XII., sentence 5

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Each horseman, beside his arms, carried a small sack of provisions, a copper vessel in which to cook them, and a skin which served him for surcoat and for bed.

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**Who acts:** horseman, skin · **What happens:** carry, cook, serve · **To what, where:** small sack, horseman, CONQUEST

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This is a sentence of «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington Irving, Chapter XII.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (horseman, skin), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg77685:33:5
# text = Each horseman, beside his arms, carried a small sack of provisions, a copper vessel in which to cook them, and a skin which served him for surcoat and for bed.
1	Each	each	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	2	det	_	_
2	horseman	horseman	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	6	punct	_	_
4	beside	beside	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	6	nmod:poss	_	_
6	arms	arm	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	2	punct	_	_
8	carried	carry	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
9	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
10	small	small	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
11	sack	sack	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	_
12	of	of	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
13	provisions	provision	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	17	punct	_	_
15	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	17	det	_	_
16	copper	copper	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	compound	_	_
17	vessel	vessel	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obl	_	_
18	in	in	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
19	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	21	obl	_	_
20	to	to	PART	TO	_	21	mark	_	_
21	cook	cook	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	17	acl:relcl	_	_
22	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	21	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	28	punct	_	_
24	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	28	cc	_	_
25	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	26	det	_	_
26	skin	skin	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	28	nsubj	_	_
27	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	28	nsubj	_	_
28	served	serve	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	8	conj	_	_
29	him	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	28	obj	_	_
30	for	for	ADP	IN	_	31	case	_	_
31	surcoat	surcoat	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	28	obl	_	_
32	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	34	cc	_	_
33	for	for	ADP	IN	_	34	case	_	_
34	bed	bed	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	31	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
35	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **carry** | past | each horseman and CONQUEST's arms | a small sack of provisions |  |  |  | a copper vessel *obl* | vn carry-11.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent sack=Theme |
| 2 | **cook** | to-infinitive | each horseman and CONQUEST's arms *not said here* | horseman |  |  |  | in a copper vessel | vn cooking-45.3 «NP V NP PP.instrument»: agent=Agent they=Patient in which=Instrument |
| 3 | **serve** | past | a skin | CONQUEST |  |  |  | for surcoat and bed; which *nsubj* | vn fulfilling-13.4.1-1 «NP V NP PP.recipient»: agent=Agent he=Theme for surcoat=Recipient |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington Irving, Project Gutenberg book 77685 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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