---
title: “I have been a faithful servant to the throne from my youth upwards,… — Legends of the conquest of Spain · tree and pragmatics
description: “I have been a faithful servant to the throne from my youth upwards,” said he, “and now am I degraded in my old age. Who acts: faithful servant, servant. A sentence of «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington Irving, Chapter XIV., with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Legends of the conquest of Spain, Chapter XIV., sentence 36

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“I have been a faithful servant to the throne from my youth upwards,” said he, “and now am I degraded in my old age.

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**Who acts:** faithful servant, servant · **What happens:** be, say · **To what, where:** faithful servant, old age · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is a sentence of «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington Irving, Chapter XIV.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (faithful servant, servant), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg77685:35:36
# text = “I have been a faithful servant to the throne from my youth upwards,” said he, “and now am I degraded in my old age.
1	“	"	PUNCT	``	_	7	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	7	nsubj	_	_
3	have	have	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	aux	_	_
4	been	be	AUX	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	7	cop	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	faithful	faithful	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	servant	servant	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	nsubj	_	_
8	to	to	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	throne	throne	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	_
11	from	from	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
12	my	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	13	nmod:poss	_	_
13	youth	youth	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nmod	_	_
14	upwards	upwards	ADV	RB	_	13	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	”	"	PUNCT	''	_	7	punct	_	_
17	said	say	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
18	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	25	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	18	punct	_	_
20	“	"	PUNCT	``	_	25	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	25	cc	_	_
22	now	now	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	25	advmod	_	_
23	am	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	25	cop	_	_
24	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	25	nsubj	_	_
25	degraded	degrade	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	17	ccomp	_	_
26	in	in	ADP	IN	_	29	case	_	_
27	my	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	29	nmod:poss	_	_
28	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	29	amod	_	_
29	age	age	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	25	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
30	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	17	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** *in a quote* | present · perfect | a faithful servant *= servant* | a faithful servant |  |  |  | to the throne from my youth | tree rules |
| 2 | **say** *speech: assert* | past | a faithful servant |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 3 | **is** *in a quote* | present | servant |  |  |  | in my old age; now | I *nsubj*; degrade *property* | tree rules |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington Irving, Project Gutenberg book 77685 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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- ← previous: [sentence 35](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg77685/35/35/)
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- ↑ back to [Chapter XIV.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg77685/35/)