---
title: And, having said these words, she cast her eyes upon the earth, and… — Legends of the conquest of Spain · tree and pragmatics
description: And, having said these words, she cast her eyes upon the earth, and her tears began to flow afresh. Who acts: wife, tears. A sentence of «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington Irving, Loves of Abdalasis and Exilona., with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Legends of the conquest of Spain, Loves of Abdalasis and Exilona., sentence 16

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And, having said these words, she cast her eyes upon the earth, and her tears began to flow afresh.

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**Who acts:** wife, tears · **What happens:** say, cast, begin, flow · **To what, where:** words, eyes, earth · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is a sentence of «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington Irving, Loves of Abdalasis and Exilona.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (wife, tears), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg77685:37:16
# text = And, having said these words, she cast her eyes upon the earth, and her tears began to flow afresh.
1	And	and	CCONJ	CC	_	4	cc	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	1	punct	_	_
3	having	have	AUX	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	4	aux	_	_
4	said	say	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
5	these	this	DET	DT	Number=Plur|PronType=Dem	6	det	_	_
6	words	word	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
8	she	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	9	nsubj	_	_
9	cast	cast	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	parataxis	_	_
10	her	her	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	11	nmod:poss	_	_
11	eyes	eye	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	obj	_	_
12	upon	upon	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
13	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
14	earth	earth	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	19	punct	_	_
16	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	19	cc	_	_
17	her	her	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	18	nmod:poss	_	_
18	tears	tear	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	19	nsubj	_	_
19	began	begin	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	9	conj	_	_
20	to	to	PART	TO	_	21	mark	_	_
21	flow	flow	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	19	xcomp	_	_
22	afresh	afresh	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	21	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **say** *speech: assert* | gerund · perfect |  | this words |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V NP.topic»: agent=Agent word=Topic |
| 2 | **cast** | past | wife | wife's eyes |  | the earth |  |  | vn throw-17.1 «NP V NP PP.destinations»: agent=Agent eye=Theme upon earth=Destination |
| 3 | **begin** | past | wife's tears |  |  |  |  |  | vn begin-55.1-1-1 «NP V S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Eventuality |
| 4 | **flow** | to-infinitive | wife's tears *not said here* |  |  |  |  | afresh *property* | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington Irving, Project Gutenberg book 77685 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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