---
title: The rabble, however, had been embittered against him from his having… — Legends of the conquest of Spain · tree and pragmatics
description: The rabble, however, had been embittered against him from his having restrained their depredations, and because they thought him an apostate in his heart, secretly bent upon betraying them to the Christians. Who acts: rabble, cavaliers. A sentence of «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington 
---

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# Legends of the conquest of Spain, Fate of Abdalasis and Exilona.—death of Muza., sentence 33

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The rabble, however, had been embittered against him from his having restrained their depredations, and because they thought him an apostate in his heart, secretly bent upon betraying them to the Christians.

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**Who acts:** rabble, cavaliers · **What happens:** embitter, have, restrain, think, betray · **To what, where:** rabble, depredations, cavaliers

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This is a sentence of «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington Irving, Fate of Abdalasis and Exilona.—death of Muza.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (rabble, cavaliers), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg77685:38:33
# text = The rabble, however, had been embittered against him from his having restrained their depredations, and because they thought him an apostate in his heart, secretly bent upon betraying them to the Christians.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	rabble	rabble	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	2	punct	_	_
4	however	however	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	4	punct	_	_
6	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	8	aux	_	_
7	been	be	AUX	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	8	aux:pass	_	_
8	embittered	embitter	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	acl:relcl	_	_
9	against	against	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	him	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	8	obl	_	_
11	from	from	SCONJ	IN	_	13	mark	_	_
12	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Gender=Masc|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	13	nsubj	_	_
13	having	have	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	8	advcl	_	_
14	restrained	restrain	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
15	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	16	nmod:poss	_	_
16	depredations	depredation	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	14	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	21	punct	_	_
18	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	21	cc	_	_
19	because	because	SCONJ	IN	_	21	mark	_	_
20	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	21	nsubj	_	_
21	thought	think	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	14	conj	_	_
22	him	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	21	obj	_	_
23	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	24	det	_	_
24	apostate	apostate	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	21	xcomp	_	_
25	in	in	ADP	IN	_	27	case	_	_
26	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	27	nmod:poss	_	_
27	heart	heart	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	24	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
28	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	30	punct	_	_
29	secretly	secretly	ADV	RB	_	30	advmod	_	_
30	bent	bent	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	24	appos	_	_
31	upon	upon	SCONJ	IN	_	32	mark	_	_
32	betraying	betray	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	30	advcl	_	_
33	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	32	obj	_	_
34	to	to	ADP	IN	_	36	case	_	_
35	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	36	det	_	_
36	Christians	Christian	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	32	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
37	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	14	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **embitter** | past · perfect · passive |  | the rabble *not said here* |  |  |  | against rabble; however *property* | vn remedy-45.7 «NP V NP.patient» |
| 2 | **have** | gerund | rabble |  |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **restrain** | past | the rabble | cavaliers's depredations |  |  |  |  | vn discourage-64.5-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Causer depredation=Eventuality |
| 4 | **think** *speech: other* | past | cavaliers *= cavalier* | rabble |  |  |  | a apostate in rabble's heart *xcomp* | vn wish-62 «NP V NP»: agent=Pivot he=Theme |
| 5 | **betray** | gerund | cavaliers *= cavalier* *not said here* | cavaliers *= cavalier* |  |  |  | to the Christians | tree rules |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington Irving, Project Gutenberg book 77685 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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