---
title: The countess took refuge with her forces in the citadel, and made a… — Legends of the conquest of Spain · tree and pragmatics
description: The countess took refuge with her forces in the citadel, and made a desperate defence; but the walls were sapped and mined, and she saw that all resistance would soon be unavailing. Who acts: countess, Alahor, resistance. A sentence of «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington Irving, Legend 
---

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# Legends of the conquest of Spain, Legend of Count Julian and His Family., sentence 103

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The countess took refuge with her forces in the citadel, and made a desperate defence; but the walls were sapped and mined, and she saw that all resistance would soon be unavailing.

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**Who acts:** countess, Alahor, resistance · **What happens:** take, make, sap, mine, see, be · **To what, where:** refuge, citadel, desperate defence, walls, unavailing

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This is a sentence of «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington Irving, Legend of Count Julian and His Family.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (countess, Alahor, resistance), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg77685:39:103
# text = The countess took refuge with her forces in the citadel, and made a desperate defence; but the walls were sapped and mined, and she saw that all resistance would soon be unavailing.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	countess	countess	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	took	take	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	refuge	refuge	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
5	with	with	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	her	her	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	7	nmod:poss	_	_
7	forces	force	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	_
8	in	in	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	citadel	citadel	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
12	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	13	cc	_	_
13	made	make	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	conj	_	_
14	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
15	desperate	desperate	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	16	amod	_	_
16	defence	defence	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	22	punct	_	_
18	but	but	CCONJ	CC	_	22	cc	_	_
19	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	20	det	_	_
20	walls	wall	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	22	nsubj:pass	_	_
21	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	22	aux:pass	_	_
22	sapped	sap	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	3	parataxis	_	_
23	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	24	cc	_	_
24	mined	mine	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	22	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
25	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	28	punct	_	_
26	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	28	cc	_	_
27	she	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	28	nsubj	_	_
28	saw	see	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	conj	_	_
29	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	35	mark	_	_
30	all	all	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	31	det	_	_
31	resistance	resistance	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	35	nsubj	_	_
32	would	would	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	35	aux	_	_
33	soon	soon	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	35	advmod	_	_
34	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	35	cop	_	_
35	unavailing	unavailing	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	28	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
36	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **take** | past | the countess | refuge |  | the citadel |  | with Alahor's forces | vn fit-54.3 «NP V NP PP.location»: agent=Agent refuge=Value in citadel=Location |
| 2 | **make** | past | the countess *not said here* | a desperate defence |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset defence=Product |
| 3 | **sap** | past · passive |  | the walls |  |  |  |  | vn deprive-10.6.2 «NP V NP»: subject=Source |
| 4 | **mine** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn hunt-35.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 5 | **see** | past | Alahor |  |  |  |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer |
| 6 | **is a** | would | all resistance | unavailing |  |  |  | soon *property* | tree rules |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington Irving, Project Gutenberg book 77685 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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