---
title: “He has been a traitor to his own countrymen,” said he: “how can we… — Legends of the conquest of Spain · tree and pragmatics
description: “He has been a traitor to his own countrymen,” said he: “how can we be sure that he will not prove traitor to us?” Who acts: Suleiman, we. A sentence of «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington Irving, Legend of Count Julian and His Family., with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of eve
---

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# Legends of the conquest of Spain, Legend of Count Julian and His Family., sentence 44

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“He has been a traitor to his own countrymen,” said he: “how can we be sure that he will not prove traitor to us?”

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**Who acts:** Suleiman, we · **What happens:** be, say, not prove · **To what, where:** traitor, us · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is a sentence of «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington Irving, Legend of Count Julian and His Family.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Suleiman, we), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg77685:39:44
# text = “He has been a traitor to his own countrymen,” said he: “how can we be sure that he will not prove traitor to us?”
1	“	"	PUNCT	``	_	13	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	6	nsubj	_	_
3	has	have	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	aux	_	_
4	been	be	AUX	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	6	cop	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	traitor	traitor	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	ccomp	_	_
7	to	to	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
8	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	10	nmod:poss	_	_
9	own	own	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
10	countrymen	countrymen	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	6	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	”	"	PUNCT	''	_	6	punct	_	_
13	said	say	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
14	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	13	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	21	punct	_	_
16	“	"	PUNCT	``	_	21	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	how	how	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	21	advmod	_	_
18	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	21	aux	_	_
19	we	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	21	nsubj	_	_
20	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	21	cop	_	_
21	sure	sure	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	ccomp	_	_
22	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	26	mark	_	_
23	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	26	nsubj	_	_
24	will	will	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	26	aux	_	_
25	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	26	advmod	_	_
26	prove	prove	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	21	ccomp	_	_
27	traitor	traitor	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	26	obj	_	_
28	to	to	ADP	IN	_	29	case	_	_
29	us	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	26	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
30	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	21	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
31	”	"	PUNCT	''	_	13	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** *in a quote* | present · perfect | Suleiman | a traitor |  |  |  | to Suleiman's own countrymen | tree rules |
| 2 | **say** *speech: ask* | past | Suleiman |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **is** *in a quote* | can | we |  |  |  |  | sure *property* | tree rules |
| 4 | **not** **prove** *in a quote* | future | Suleiman | traitor | us |  |  |  | vn deduce-97.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent traitor=Theme |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington Irving, Project Gutenberg book 77685 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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