---
title: It is said that certain apparitions of soldiers are seen in the air,… — Legends of the conquest of Spain · tree and pragmatics
description: It is said that certain apparitions of soldiers are seen in the air, which the vulgar say are those of the courtiers and people who aided him.” Who acts: vulgar, people. A sentence of «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington Irving, Note to the Preceding Legend., with its dependency tree and
---

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# Legends of the conquest of Spain, Note to the Preceding Legend., sentence 11

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It is said that certain apparitions of soldiers are seen in the air, which the vulgar say are those of the courtiers and people who aided him.”

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**Who acts:** vulgar, people · **What happens:** say, see, be, aid · **To what, where:** account, certain apparitions, air, those, Spain · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is a sentence of «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington Irving, Note to the Preceding Legend.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (vulgar, people), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg77685:40:11
# text = It is said that certain apparitions of soldiers are seen in the air, which the vulgar say are those of the courtiers and people who aided him.”
1	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux:pass	_	_
3	said	say	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
4	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	10	mark	_	_
5	certain	certain	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	apparitions	apparition	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	nsubj:pass	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	soldiers	soldier	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nmod	_	_
9	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	10	aux:pass	_	_
10	seen	see	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	3	ccomp	_	_
11	in	in	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
12	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	air	air	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	18	punct	_	_
15	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	18	obj	_	_
16	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	17	det	_	_
17	vulgar	vulgar	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	18	nsubj	_	_
18	say	say	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	13	acl:relcl	_	_
19	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	20	cop	_	_
20	those	that	PRON	DT	Number=Plur|PronType=Dem	10	obj	_	_
21	of	of	ADP	IN	_	23	case	_	_
22	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	23	det	_	_
23	courtiers	courtier	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	20	nmod	_	_
24	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	25	cc	_	_
25	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	23	conj	_	_
26	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	27	nsubj	_	_
27	aided	aid	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	25	acl:relcl	_	_
28	him	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	27	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
29	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
30	”	"	PUNCT	''	_	3	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **say** *speech: assert* | present · passive |  | account |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **see** | present · passive |  | certain apparitions of soldiers |  | the air |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Stimulus |
| 3 | **say** *speech: assert* | present | the vulgar | the air |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V NP.topic»: agent=Agent which=Topic |
| 4 | **is a** | present |  | those |  |  |  | of the courtiers and people | tree rules |
| 5 | **aid** | past | people |  | Spain |  |  |  | vn help-72.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent he=Beneficiary |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington Irving, Project Gutenberg book 77685 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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