---
title: Several kings, from time to time, have caused the gate to be thrown… — Legends of the conquest of Spain · tree and pragmatics
description: Several kings, from time to time, have caused the gate to be thrown open, and have attempted to enter, but have paid dearly for their temerity. Who acts: Several kings. A sentence of «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington Irving, Don Roderick Receives an Extraordinary Embassy., with its de
---

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# Legends of the conquest of Spain, Don Roderick Receives an Extraordinary Embassy., sentence 11

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Several kings, from time to time, have caused the gate to be thrown open, and have attempted to enter, but have paid dearly for their temerity.

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**Who acts:** Several kings · **What happens:** cause, throw, attempt, enter, pay · **To what, where:** gate

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This is a sentence of «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington Irving, Don Roderick Receives an Extraordinary Embassy.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Several kings), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg77685:7:11
# text = Several kings, from time to time, have caused the gate to be thrown open, and have attempted to enter, but have paid dearly for their temerity.
1	Several	several	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	kings	king	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
4	from	from	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	time	time	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	appos	_	_
6	to	to	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	time	time	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	2	punct	_	_
9	have	have	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	10	aux	_	_
10	caused	cause	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
11	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	gate	gate	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obj	_	_
13	to	to	PART	TO	_	15	mark	_	_
14	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	15	aux:pass	_	_
15	thrown	throw	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	10	parataxis	_	_
16	open	open	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	15	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	20	punct	_	_
18	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	20	cc	_	_
19	have	have	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	20	aux	_	_
20	attempted	attempt	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	15	conj	_	_
21	to	to	PART	TO	_	22	mark	_	_
22	enter	enter	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	20	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	26	punct	_	_
24	but	but	CCONJ	CC	_	26	cc	_	_
25	have	have	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	26	aux	_	_
26	paid	pay	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	10	parataxis	_	_
27	dearly	dearly	ADV	RB	_	26	advmod	_	_
28	for	for	ADP	IN	_	30	case	_	_
29	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	30	nmod:poss	_	_
30	temerity	temerity	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	26	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
31	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	10	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **cause** | present · perfect | Several kings | the gate |  |  |  |  | vn engender-27.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Precondition gate=Patient |
| 2 | **throw** | to-infinitive · passive |  |  |  |  |  | open *property* | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V ADV-Middle» |
| 3 | **attempt** | present · perfect |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn try-61.1 «NP V S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Eventuality |
| 4 | **enter** *not said to happen* | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1-2 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 5 | **pay** | present · perfect |  |  |  |  |  | for kings's temerity; dearly *property* | vn pay-68-1 «NP V NP PP.theme»: agent=Agent for temerity=Theme |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington Irving, Project Gutenberg book 77685 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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