---
title: Heaven, at this time, say the old Spanish chronicles, permitted a ma… — Legends of the conquest of Spain · tree and pragmatics
description: Heaven, at this time, say the old Spanish chronicles, permitted a marvellous intimation of the wrath with which it intended to visit the monarch and his people, in punishment of their sins; nor are we, say the same orthodox writers, to startle, and withhold our faith, when we meet in the page of dis
---

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# Legends of the conquest of Spain, Don Roderick Receives an Extraordinary Embassy., sentence 2

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Heaven, at this time, say the old Spanish chronicles, permitted a marvellous intimation of the wrath with which it intended to visit the monarch and his people, in punishment of their sins; nor are we, say the same orthodox writers, to startle, and withhold our faith, when we meet in the page of discreet and sober history with these signs and portents, which transcend the probabilities of ordinary life; for the revolutions of empires and the downfall of mighty kings are awful events, that shake the physical as well as the moral world, and are often announced by forerunning marvels and prodigious omens.

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**Who acts:** Heaven, intimation, we, signs, revolutions, that · **What happens:** say, permit, intend, visit, be, startle · **To what, where:** old Spanish chronicles, marvellous intimation, monarch, faith, page, probabilities · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
This is a sentence of «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington Irving, Don Roderick Receives an Extraordinary Embassy.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Heaven, intimation, we, signs), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

<!-- .note-en -->
**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg77685:7:2
# text = Heaven, at this time, say the old Spanish chronicles, permitted a marvellous intimation of the wrath with which it intended to visit the monarch and his people, in punishment of their sins; nor are we, say the same orthodox writers, to startle, and withhold our faith, when we meet in the page of discreet and sober history with these signs and portents, which transcend the probabilities of ordinary life; for the revolutions of empires and the downfall of mighty kings are awful events, that shake the physical as well as the moral world, and are often announced by forerunning marvels and prodigious omens.
1	Heaven	Heaven	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	1	punct	_	_
3	at	at	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	this	this	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	5	det	_	_
5	time	time	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
7	say	say	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
9	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
10	Spanish	Spanish	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
11	chronicles	chronicle	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
13	permitted	permit	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	7	advcl	_	_
14	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
15	marvellous	marvellous	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	16	amod	_	_
16	intimation	intimation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	obj	_	_
17	of	of	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
18	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	19	det	_	_
19	wrath	wrath	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	nmod	_	_
20	with	with	ADP	IN	_	21	case	_	_
21	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	23	obl	_	_
22	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	23	nsubj	_	_
23	intended	intend	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	19	acl:relcl	_	_
24	to	to	PART	TO	_	25	mark	_	_
25	visit	visit	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	23	xcomp	_	_
26	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	27	det	_	_
27	monarch	monarch	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	25	obj	_	_
28	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	30	cc	_	_
29	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	30	nmod:poss	_	_
30	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	27	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
31	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	33	punct	_	_
32	in	in	ADP	IN	_	33	case	_	_
33	punishment	punishment	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	25	conj	_	_
34	of	of	ADP	IN	_	36	case	_	_
35	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	36	nmod:poss	_	_
36	sins	sin	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	33	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
37	;	;	PUNCT	,	_	42	punct	_	_
38	nor	nor	CCONJ	CC	Polarity=Neg	42	cc	_	_
39	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	42	cop	_	_
40	we	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	42	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
41	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	40	punct	_	_
42	say	say	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	7	parataxis	_	_
43	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	46	det	_	_
44	same	same	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	46	amod	_	_
45	orthodox	orthodox	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	46	compound	_	_
46	writers	writer	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	42	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
47	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	49	punct	_	_
48	to	to	PART	TO	_	49	mark	_	_
49	startle	startle	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	42	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
50	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	52	punct	_	_
51	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	52	cc	_	_
52	withhold	withhold	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	parataxis	_	_
53	our	our	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	54	nmod:poss	_	_
54	faith	faith	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	52	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
55	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	58	punct	_	_
56	when	when	SCONJ	WRB	_	58	mark	_	_
57	we	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	58	nsubj	_	_
58	meet	meet	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	52	conj	_	_
59	in	in	ADP	IN	_	61	case	_	_
60	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	61	det	_	_
61	page	page	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	58	obl	_	_
62	of	of	ADP	IN	_	66	case	_	_
63	discreet	discreet	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	66	amod	_	_
64	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	65	cc	_	_
65	sober	sober	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	63	conj	_	_
66	history	history	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	61	nmod	_	_
67	with	with	ADP	IN	_	69	case	_	_
68	these	this	DET	DT	Number=Plur|PronType=Dem	69	det	_	_
69	signs	sign	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	66	nmod	_	_
70	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	71	cc	_	_
71	portents	portent	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	69	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
72	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	74	punct	_	_
73	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	74	nsubj	_	_
74	transcend	transcend	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	69	conj	_	_
75	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	76	det	_	_
76	probabilities	probability	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	74	obj	_	_
77	of	of	ADP	IN	_	79	case	_	_
78	ordinary	ordinary	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	79	amod	_	_
79	life	life	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	76	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
80	;	;	PUNCT	,	_	83	punct	_	_
81	for	for	ADP	IN	_	83	case	_	_
82	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	83	det	_	_
83	revolutions	revolution	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	94	nsubj	_	_
84	of	of	ADP	IN	_	85	case	_	_
85	empires	empire	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	83	nmod	_	_
86	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	88	cc	_	_
87	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	88	det	_	_
88	downfall	downfall	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	85	conj	_	_
89	of	of	ADP	IN	_	91	case	_	_
90	mighty	mighty	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	91	amod	_	_
91	kings	king	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	88	nmod	_	_
92	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	94	cop	_	_
93	awful	awful	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	94	amod	_	_
94	events	event	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
95	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	97	punct	_	_
96	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	97	nsubj	_	_
97	shake	shake	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	94	parataxis	_	_
98	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	99	det	_	_
99	physical	physical	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	97	obj	_	_
100	as	as	ADV	RB	ExtPos=CCONJ	105	cc	_	_
101	well	well	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	100	fixed	_	_
102	as	as	ADP	IN	_	100	fixed	_	_
103	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	105	det	_	_
104	moral	moral	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	105	amod	_	_
105	world	world	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	97	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
106	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	110	punct	_	_
107	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	110	cc	_	_
108	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	110	aux:pass	_	_
109	often	often	ADV	RB	_	110	advmod	_	_
110	announced	announce	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	7	parataxis	_	_
111	by	by	SCONJ	IN	_	112	mark	_	_
112	forerunning	forerunn	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	110	advcl	_	_
113	marvels	marvel	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	112	obj	_	_
114	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	116	cc	_	_
115	prodigious	prodigious	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	116	amod	_	_
116	omens	omen	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	113	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
117	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **say** *speech: assert* | infinitive | Heaven | the old Spanish chronicles |  |  | time |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V NP.topic»: agent=Agent chronicle=Topic |
| 2 | **permit** | past | Heaven *not said here* | a marvellous intimation of the wrath |  |  |  |  | vn admit-64.3-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent intimation=Theme |
| 3 | **intend** | past | intimation |  |  |  |  | with the wrath | vn intend-61.2-1-1 «NP V S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 4 | **visit** *not said to happen* | to-infinitive | intimation *not said here* | the monarch and Heaven's people |  |  |  | punishment of people's sins *conj* | vn meet-36.3-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent monarch=Co-Agent |
| 5 | **is** | present | we |  |  |  |  | the same orthodox writers *obj*; say *property* | tree rules |
| 6 | **startle** | to-infinitive | we *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Experiencer |
| 7 | **withhold** | present |  | our faith |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 8 | **meet** | present | we |  |  | the page of discreet history with this signs and portents |  |  | vn meet-36.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 9 | **transcend** | present | this signs and portents | the probabilities of ordinary life |  |  |  |  | vn exceed-90 «NP V NP»: agent=Pivot probability=Theme |
| 10 | **is a** | present | the revolutions of empires and the downfall of mighty kings | awful events |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 11 | **shake** | present | that | the physical |  |  |  | the moral world *conj* | vn shake-22.3-2 «NP V NP together»: agent=Agent physical=Patient |
| 12 | **announce** *speech: other* | present · passive |  |  |  |  |  | often *property* | vn order-58.3 «NP V S» |
| 13 | **forerunn** | gerund |  | marvels and prodigious omens |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 14 | **intimate** |  |  | the wrath |  |  |  |  | nom intimation «communication transitive»: of=patient |
| 15 | **punish** |  |  | people's sins |  |  |  |  | nom punishment «act transitive»: of=patient |
| 16 | **page** |  |  | discreet history with this signs and portents |  |  |  |  | nom page «communication transitive»: of=patient |
| 17 | **revolt** |  | empires and the downfall of mighty kings |  |  |  |  |  | nom revolution «event intransitive»: of=agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington Irving, Project Gutenberg book 77685 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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