---
title: The morning sun shone brightly upon the cliff-built towers of Toledo… — Legends of the conquest of Spain · tree and pragmatics
description: The morning sun shone brightly upon the cliff-built towers of Toledo, when King Roderick issued out of the gate of the city, at the head of a numerous train of courtiers and cavaliers, and crossed the bridge that bestrides the deep rocky bed of the Tagus. Who acts: morning sun, King, bridge. A sente
---

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# Legends of the conquest of Spain, Story of the Marvellous and Portentous Tower., sentence 1

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The morning sun shone brightly upon the cliff-built towers of Toledo, when King Roderick issued out of the gate of the city, at the head of a numerous train of courtiers and cavaliers, and crossed the bridge that bestrides the deep rocky bed of the Tagus.

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**Who acts:** morning sun, King, bridge · **What happens:** shine, build, issue, cross, bestride · **To what, where:** built towers, gate, bridge, deep rocky bed

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This is a sentence of «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington Irving, Story of the Marvellous and Portentous Tower.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (morning sun, King, bridge), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg77685:8:1
# text = The morning sun shone brightly upon the cliff-built towers of Toledo, when King Roderick issued out of the gate of the city, at the head of a numerous train of courtiers and cavaliers, and crossed the bridge that bestrides the deep rocky bed of the Tagus.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	morning	morning	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	sun	sun	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	shone	shine	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	brightly	brightly	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	_
6	upon	upon	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
8	cliff	cliff	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	8	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	built	build	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	11	amod	_	_
11	towers	tower	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obl	_	_
12	of	of	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
13	Toledo	Toledo	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	11	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	18	punct	_	_
15	when	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	18	advmod	_	_
16	King	King	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	18	nsubj	_	_
17	Roderick	Roderick	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	16	flat	_	_
18	issued	issue	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	conj	_	_
19	out	out	ADP	IN	_	22	case	_	_
20	of	of	ADP	IN	_	22	case	_	_
21	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	22	det	_	_
22	gate	gate	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	obl	_	_
23	of	of	ADP	IN	_	25	case	_	_
24	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	25	det	_	_
25	city	city	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	22	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
26	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	29	punct	_	_
27	at	at	ADP	IN	_	29	case	_	_
28	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	29	det	_	_
29	head	head	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	obl	_	_
30	of	of	ADP	IN	_	33	case	_	_
31	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	33	det	_	_
32	numerous	numerous	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	33	amod	_	_
33	train	train	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	29	nmod	_	_
34	of	of	ADP	IN	_	35	case	_	_
35	courtiers	courtier	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	33	nmod	_	_
36	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	37	cc	_	_
37	cavaliers	cavalier	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	35	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
38	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	40	punct	_	_
39	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	40	cc	_	_
40	crossed	cross	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	conj	_	_
41	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	42	det	_	_
42	bridge	bridge	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	40	obj	_	_
43	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	44	nsubj	_	_
44	bestrides	bestride	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	42	acl:relcl	_	_
45	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	48	det	_	_
46	deep	deep	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	48	amod	_	_
47	rocky	rocky	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	48	amod	_	_
48	bed	bed	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	44	obj	_	_
49	of	of	ADP	IN	_	51	case	_	_
50	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	51	det	_	_
51	Tagus	Tagus	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	48	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
52	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **shine** | past | the morning sun |  |  | the built towers of Toledo |  | brightly *property* | vn light\_emission-43.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme upon tower=Location |
| 2 | **build** | participle |  |  |  |  |  | cliff *compound* | vn calibratable\_cos-45.6.1 «NP.attribute V»: agent=Attribute |
| 3 | **issue** | past | King |  |  | the gate of the city |  | at the head of a numerous train of courtiers and cavaliers | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme out gate=Location |
| 4 | **cross** | past | the morning sun *not said here* | the bridge |  |  |  |  | vn crane-40.3.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent bridge=Patient |
| 5 | **bestride** | present | the bridge | the deep rocky bed of the Tagus |  |  |  |  | vn contiguous\_location-47.8 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme bed=Co-Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington Irving, Project Gutenberg book 77685 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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