---
title: The hearts of the ancient guardians quaked within them, and their kn… — Legends of the conquest of Spain · tree and pragmatics
description: The hearts of the ancient guardians quaked within them, and their knees smote together; but several of the youthful cavaliers rushed in, eager to gratify their curiosity, or to signalise themselves in this redoubtable enterprise. Who acts: hearts, knees, several. A sentence of «Legends of the conque
---

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# Legends of the conquest of Spain, Story of the Marvellous and Portentous Tower., sentence 32

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The hearts of the ancient guardians quaked within them, and their knees smote together; but several of the youthful cavaliers rushed in, eager to gratify their curiosity, or to signalise themselves in this redoubtable enterprise.

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**Who acts:** hearts, knees, several · **What happens:** quake, smite, rush in, gratify, signalise · **To what, where:** curiosity, hearts, redoubtable enterprise

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This is a sentence of «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington Irving, Story of the Marvellous and Portentous Tower.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (hearts, knees, several), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg77685:8:32
# text = The hearts of the ancient guardians quaked within them, and their knees smote together; but several of the youthful cavaliers rushed in, eager to gratify their curiosity, or to signalise themselves in this redoubtable enterprise.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	hearts	heart	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	nsubj	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	ancient	ancient	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	guardians	guardian	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nmod	_	_
7	quaked	quake	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
8	within	within	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
11	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	14	cc	_	_
12	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	13	nmod:poss	_	_
13	knees	knee	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	14	nsubj	_	_
14	smote	smite	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	7	conj	_	_
15	together	together	ADV	RB	_	14	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	;	;	PUNCT	,	_	23	punct	_	_
17	but	but	CCONJ	CC	_	23	cc	_	_
18	several	several	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	23	nsubj	_	_
19	of	of	ADP	IN	_	22	case	_	_
20	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	22	det	_	_
21	youthful	youthful	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	22	amod	_	_
22	cavaliers	cavalier	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	18	obl	_	_
23	rushed	rush	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	7	parataxis	_	_
24	in	in	ADV	RB	_	23	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
25	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	26	punct	_	_
26	eager	eager	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	23	xcomp	_	_
27	to	to	PART	TO	_	28	mark	_	_
28	gratify	gratify	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	26	xcomp	_	_
29	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	30	nmod:poss	_	_
30	curiosity	curiosity	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	28	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
31	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	34	punct	_	_
32	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	34	cc	_	_
33	to	to	PART	TO	_	34	mark	_	_
34	signalise	signalise	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	28	conj	_	_
35	themselves	themselves	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs|Reflex=Yes	34	obj	_	_
36	in	in	ADP	IN	_	39	case	_	_
37	this	this	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	39	det	_	_
38	redoubtable	redoubtable	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	39	amod	_	_
39	enterprise	enterprise	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	34	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
40	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **quake** | past | the hearts of the ancient guardians |  |  |  |  | within guardians *= guardian* | vn body\_internal\_states-40.6 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer |
| 2 | **smite** | past | hearts's knees |  |  |  |  | together *property* | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Experiencer |
| 3 | **rush in** | past | several of the youthful cavaliers |  |  |  |  | eager *property* | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 4 | **gratify** | to-infinitive | several of the youthful cavaliers *not said here* | hearts's curiosity |  |  |  |  | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Stimulus curiosity=Experiencer |
| 5 | **signalise** | to-infinitive | several of the youthful cavaliers *not said here* | hearts *= heart* |  | this redoubtable enterprise |  |  | tree rules |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington Irving, Project Gutenberg book 77685 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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